# How do I show $\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_0^\infty \frac{n}{n^2+x}\sin(\frac{1}{x})\, dx = 0\,$?

How do I show $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_0^\infty \frac{n}{n^2+x}\sin\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\, dx = 0\,\,?$$ I've tried splitting into the cases where $$x \leq 1$$ and $$x \geq 1$$ but I am having trouble finding bounds so that I can apply the dominated convergence theorem.

• What is the difficulty in finding bounds for the $x\leq 1$ case? The $x\geq 1$ case? – Michael Jul 14 '20 at 20:28
• Look at function values. First factor goes to 0 regardless of x, second factor is bounded between -1 and 1. Product therefore goes to 0 at each individual $x$. Integral of the 0 function is 0. – mathreadler Jul 14 '20 at 20:40
• Wait, is this allowed to do, to put limit inside of integral like I did..? In what cases? – mathreadler Jul 14 '20 at 20:46

Edit: The second half of this is nonsense. See the comments below...

Say the integrand is $$f$$. If $$0 then $$|f(x)|\le 1$$, while if $$x\ge1$$ then $$|f(x)|\le 1/x^2$$, since $$|\sin(t)|\le|t|$$.

• For the case $x \geq 1$, is there a way to easily see the bound you have given? I so far have $|f(x)| \leq \frac{n}{n^2x+x^2}$. I'm having trouble seeing why the bound you have given holds for every $n$. – Nino Jul 14 '20 at 20:49
• Hi David. I hope you're doing well and staying safe and healthy. How is $n/(n^2+x)$ bounded by $1/x$ for $x\ge1$? Certainly it is bounded by $1/2\sqrt x$, which is a bound fit for purpose. – Mark Viola Jul 14 '20 at 20:54
• @nina Apply the AM_GM and find the bound $1/2x^{3/2}$. – Mark Viola Jul 14 '20 at 20:57
• @MarkViola Good question. Wish I had a good answer... – David C. Ullrich Jul 14 '20 at 21:52


As $$\ds{z \to 0}$$, $$\ds{\quad\operatorname{Ci}\pars{z} \sim \gamma + \ln\pars{z} - {1 \over 4}\,z^{2}\quad}$$ and $$\ds{\quad\operatorname{Si}\pars{z} \sim z - {1 \over 18}\,z^{3}\quad}$$ from this link.

Therefore, \begin{align} &\bbox[15px,#ffd]{\lim_{n \to \infty}\int_{0}^{\infty} {n \over n^{2} + x}\,\sin\pars{1 \over x}\,\dd x} = -\lim_{n \to \infty}{\gamma - 2\ln\pars{n} \over n} \\[5mm] = &\ -\lim_{n \to \infty}{\bracks{\gamma - 2\ln\pars{n + 1}} - \bracks{\gamma - 2\ln\pars{n}} \over \pars{n + 1} - n} = 2\lim_{n \to \infty}\ln\pars{1 + {1 \over n}} = \bbox[15px,#ffd,border:1px solid navy]{0} \end{align}

By the self-adjointness of the Laplace transform

$$\int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{\sin x}{x}\cdot \frac{1}{nx+\frac{1}{n}}\,dx =\frac{1}{n} \int_{0}^{+\infty}\left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\arctan(s)\right)e^{-s/n^2}\,ds$$ where the RHS is more manageable than the LHS since no oscillating functions are involved.
We have $$\int_{0}^{n^3}\left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\arctan(s)\right)\,ds =n^3\arctan\frac{1}{n^3}+\frac{1}{2}\log(1+n^6)=O(\log n)$$ $$\int_{n^3}^{+\infty} e^{-s/n^2}\,ds = n^2 e^{-n}=O(1)$$ hence the wanted limit is clearly zero.