# Integrate a weighted Bessel function over the unit disk

I would like to evaluate a complex-valued integral of the form

$$I_e = \int_0^1 x e^{iax} J_0(b \sqrt{1-x^2}) dx$$

where $$a$$ and $$b$$ are real numbers (not necessarily positive) and $$J_0(z)$$ is the Bessel function of the first kind.

An alternative statement of the problem can be considered by making a change of variables $$z=b\sqrt{1-x^2}, c = a/b$$, so that

$$I_e = \frac{1}{b^2} \int_0^b z e^{ic\sqrt{b^2-z^2}} J_0(z) dz.$$

I am particularly interested in the special case of $$0\leq b \leq 100$$ with $$c = 1$$ or $$-4 \leq c \leq -1$$.

The task boils down to evaluating two real-valued integrals

$$I_s = \frac{1}{b^2} \int_0^b z \sin(c\sqrt{b^2-z^2}) J_0(z) dz$$ $$I_c = \frac{1}{b^2} \int_0^b z \cos(c\sqrt{b^2-z^2}) J_0(z) dz$$

The integral with the sine has a simple form given by Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (6.738.1) which, after simplification, becomes

$$I_s = c \frac{j_1(b\sqrt{c^2 + 1})}{\sqrt{c^2 + 1}} = a \frac{j_1(\sqrt{a^2 + b^2})}{\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}}$$

where $$j_1(z)$$ is the spherical Bessel function of the first kind.

I am not exactly sure how this expression was derived. Perhaps it holds a clue. I tried substituting the integral form of the Bessel function and integrating analytically but did not get very far.

By symmetry, I naively expected the integral involving the cosine to be proportional to the spherical Bessel function of the second kind $$y_1(z)$$ (and thus, the complex-valued integral to be proportional to the spherical Hankel function of the second kind), but that does not appear to be the case.

$$I_c \neq -c \frac{y_1(b\sqrt{c^2 + 1})}{\sqrt{c^2 + 1}}$$

Particularly, because of the cosine term inside the Bessel function,

$$\lim_{b\to0} I_c \neq \lim_{b\to0} -c \frac{y_1(b\sqrt{c^2 + 1})}{\sqrt{c^2 + 1}}$$

A better approximation can be achieved by dropping the cosine part of the spherical Bessel

$$I_c \approx c \frac{\sin(b\sqrt{c^2 + 1})}{b(c^2 + 1)}$$

Indeed, if we plot $$I_c \times b$$, we can see that it is a regular sine wave for $$b \geq 4$$. My current goal is to find a correction term (via a series expansion, perhaps) that would improve the approximation for $$b < 4$$.

I've only found a single identity connected to the approximation given above. Tables of Integral Transforms, Vol. 2, p. 337, eq. 29 gives

$$\int_0^b \frac{z}{\sqrt{b^2-z^2}} \cos(c\sqrt{b^2-z^2}) J_0(z) dz = \frac{\sin(b\sqrt{c^2 + 1})}{\sqrt{c^2 + 1}}$$

I am not sure what's the best way to connect this identity to $$I_c$$. The two integrals only differ by the first term (and the constant $$1/b^2$$). One way is to perform a Taylor expansion around the origin:

$$\frac{z}{\sqrt{b^2-z^2}} = \frac{z}{b} + \frac{1}{2} \frac{z^3}{b^3} + O(z^5)$$

The left part is from the identity, and the first term on the right is from $$I_c$$. The cubic term does not appear to help, so perhaps this is not the right expansion to use in this case (and perhaps I should expand at infinity rather than at the origin).

I would appreciate any tips or guidance. Thank you!

• I took a look at the Bateman project's tables. It seems that there is an explicit representation of the sine transform iff the sine is multiplied by an odd power of $x$ and there is an explicit representation of the cosine transform iff the cosine is multiplied by an even power of $x$. – Gary Jun 22 '20 at 5:56
• Thanks, Gary! I am taking a look. Currently, I am trying to find some kind of expansion that features a spherical Bessel function of the second kind, since it is clearly a good match for large values of the argument. Perhaps that would allow me to find a correction term. – zalbard Jun 22 '20 at 22:45
• Perhaps it could be integrated by parts? – zalbard Jul 5 '20 at 23:39

For an evaluation of $$I_s$$, start with $$I_e = \int_0^1 x e^{iax} J_0(b \sqrt{1-x^2}) dx = \int_0^{\pi/2} \sin x \cos x e^{ia\cos x} J_0(b\sin x) dx$$ It is known that (proved easily by using series expansion of $$J_\mu$$ and beta function): $$J_{\nu+\mu+1}(z) = \frac{z^{\nu+1}}{2^\nu \Gamma(\nu+1)} \int_0^{\pi/2} J_\mu(z\sin x) \sin^{\mu+1}x \cos^{2\nu+1} x dx$$ Therefore taking imaginary part gives $$I_s = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\frac{{{{( - 1)}^n}{a^{2n + 1}}}}{{(2n + 1)!}}{J_{n + 3/2}}(b)\frac{{{2^{n + 1/2}}\Gamma (n + 3/2)}}{{{b^{n + 3/2}}}}} = \sqrt {\frac{\pi }{2}} a\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\frac{{{{( - {a^2}/2)}^n}}}{{n!}}\frac{{{J_{n + 3/2}}(b)}}{{{b^{n + 3/2}}}}}$$ Now use equation $$(1)$$ proved in my answer here, we complete the proof: $$I_s = \sqrt {\frac{\pi }{2}} a\frac{{{J_{3/2}}(\sqrt {{a^2} + {b^2}} )}}{{{{({a^2} + {b^2})}^{3/4}}}}$$
Real part of $$I_e$$ gives $$I_c = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\frac{{{{( - 1)}^n}{a^{2n}}}}{{(2n)!}}{J_{n + 1}}(b)\frac{{{2^n}n!}}{{{b^{n + 1}}}}}$$ I don't think this can be expressed in terms of Bessel-related functions only, but note that the summand decrease very rapidly (due to $$n!/(2n)!$$ and also $$J_{n+1}(b)$$), so this might be useful if you're interested in numerical calculations.
• I plotted your series solution limited to the first 10 terms (in orange) versus the reference (in blue) versus another approximation which is roughly $\sin(a)/a$. Your solution is superbly accurate up until $a=10$, where it numerically explodes. The sine, on the other hand, is pretty good starting from $a=10$ to infinity (but is off for small values). This makes me wonder whether the sine-based solution can be extended for small values. Unfortunately, using an arbitrarily large number of terms is not really feasible for my application. – zalbard Jun 25 '20 at 4:43
• @zalbard Since the series involves $a^{2n}$, such behavior is usual for large $a$. What range of $a,b$ you want to approximate $I_c$? It seems you want to do this when $a$ is large, and $b$ can be both large and small? – pisco Jun 25 '20 at 5:27