# What is the difference between the Jacobian, Hessian and the Gradient?

I know there is a lot of topic regarding this on the internet, and trust me, I've googled it. But things are getting more and more confused for me.

From my understanding, The gradient is the slope of the most rapid descent. Modifying your position by descending along this gradient will most rapidly cause your cost function to become minimal (the typical goal).

Could anyone explain in simple words (and maybe with an example) what the difference between the Jacobian, Hessian, and the Gradient?

• This is a question about basic vector calculus that has essentially nothing to do with machine learning (or statistics, for that matter). – jhin May 13 at 12:14
• @jhin: perhaps edit to remove machine learning from the title and as a tag, but then also consider migrating to Mathematics StackExchange? – J W May 13 at 19:08

Some good resources on this would be any introductory vector calculus text. I'll try to be as consistent as I can be with Stewart's Calculus, perhaps the most popular calculus textbook in North America.

Let $$f: \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$$ be a scalar field. The gradient, $$\nabla f: \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n$$ is a vector, such that $$(\nabla f)_j = \partial f/ \partial x_j$$. Because every point in $$\text{dom}(f)$$ is mapped to a vector, then $$\nabla f$$ is a vector field.

The Jacobian

Let $$\operatorname{F}: \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m$$ be a vector field. The Jacobian can be considered as the derivative of a vector field. Considering each component of $$\mbox{F}$$ as a single function (like $$f$$ above), then the Jacobian is a matrix in which the $$i^{th}$$ row is the gradient of the $$i^{th}$$ component of $$\operatorname{F}$$. If $$\mathbf{J}$$ is the Jacobian, then

$$\mathbf{J}_{i,j} = \dfrac{\partial \operatorname{F}_i}{\partial x_j}$$

The Hessian

Simply, the Hessian is the matrix of second order mixed partials of a scalar field.

$$\mathbf{H}_{i, j}=\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial x_{i} \partial x_{j}}$$

In summation:

• Gradient: Vector of first order derivatives of a scalar field

• Jacobian: Matrix of gradients for components of a vector field

• Hessian: Matrix of second order mixed partials of a scalar field.

Example

Squared error loss $$f(\beta_0, \beta_1) = \sum_i (y_i - \beta_0 - \beta_1x_i)^2$$ is a scalar field. We map every pair of coefficients to a loss value.

• The gradient of this scalar field is $$\nabla f = \left< -2 \sum_i( y_i - \beta_0 - \beta_1x_i), -2\sum_i x_i(y_i - \beta_0 - \beta_1x_i) \right>$$

• Now, each component of $$\nabla f$$ is itself a scalar field. Take gradients of those and set them to be rows of a matrix and you've got yourself the Jacobian

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc} \sum_{i=1}^{n} 2 & \sum_{i=1}^{n} 2 x_{i} \\ \sum_{i=1}^{n} 2 x_{i} & \sum_{i=1}^{n} 2 x_{i}^{2} \end{array}\right]$$

• The Hessian of $$f$$ is the same as the Jacobian of $$\nabla f$$. It would behoove you to prove this to yourself.

Resources: Calculus: Early Transcendentals by James Stewart, or earlier editions, as well as Wikipedia which is surprisingly good for these topics.

• To clarify, the Jacobian of the gradient of $f$ is the same as the Hessian of $f$. When you write "the Hessian is the same as the Jacobian", you are talking about the Jacobian of the gradient of $f$. – Vincent May 13 at 11:31
• Also, when m = 1, the Jacobian is the same as the gradient. – AlexanderJ93 May 13 at 13:17
• There are lots of connections between these three which I have ommited but really deserve to be fleshed out. – Demetri Pananos May 13 at 13:28
• "The Hessian is the Jacobian of the gradient" is a good summary. – J. M. isn't a mathematician May 14 at 3:33

If you have a function that maps a 1D number to a 1D number, then you can take the derivative of it,

$$f(x) = x^2, f'(x) = 2x$$

If you have a function that maps a ND vector to a 1D number, then you take the gradient of it

$$f(x) = x^Tx, \nabla f(x) = 2x, x = (x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_N)$$

If you have a function that maps a ND vector to a ND vector, then you take the Jacobian of it.

$$f(x_1, x_2) = \begin{bmatrix} x_1x_2^2 \\ x_1^2x_2\end{bmatrix}, J_f(x_1, x_2) = \begin{bmatrix} x_2^2 & 2x_1x_2 \\ x_1^2 & 2 x_1x_2\end{bmatrix}$$

The Hessian is the Jacobian of the gradient of a function that maps from ND to 1D

So the gradient, Jacobian and Hessian are different operations for different functions. You literally cannot take the gradient of a ND $$\to$$ ND function. That's the difference.

• +1. You might want to say a "1D number" is a scalar. :) – usεr11852 May 14 at 13:03