# Winding a space curve

Can I find parametric equations for a curve that is winding another curve, which I know -- let's say it's $\vec{f}(t) = (x(t), y(t), z(t)) = \{\sin (t)+2 \sin (2 t), \cos (t)-2 \cos (2 t), -\sin (3 t)\}$.

(KnotData["Trefoil", "SpaceCurve"] in Mathematica.)

I can do this for an ordinary torus since the radii vector $\vec{r}(t)$ that joins origin and the curve that is being coiled is always perpendicular to the local vector that is doing the coiling as well as to the derivative $\dot{\vec{r}}(t)$. (I'd like this local vector to be perpendicular to $\dot{\vec{f}}(t)$ in the general case above too!) Mathematica image output for example:

With $\vec{g}(t) = \{\cos(t) (0.4 \cos(20 t)+1), \sin(t) (0.4 \cos (20 t)+1),0.4 \sin (20 t)\}$ and 20 for twenty coils.

If it can't be derived in closed form, could you give me some points towards a working algorithm?

• I'll note that Gray implements this in one of the packages associated with his book Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica; look up his filament function. – J. M. isn't a mathematician Aug 14 '16 at 10:44

The TNB frame can be used for this purpose, unless your curve has zero curvature somewhere. Let $$\vec T(t)=\dot {\vec f}/\|\dot {\vec f}\|, \quad \vec N(t) = \dot {\vec T}/\|\dot {\vec T}\|,\quad \vec B(t)=\vec T\times \vec N$$ and then define $$\vec g(t)=\vec f(t)+r (\vec N(t) \cos kt +\vec B(t) \sin kt )$$ where $r$ is the radius of the coil and $k$ is the desired number of loops. The idea is that $\vec N$ and $\vec B$ form an orthonormal basis of the plane perpendicular to the curve, and $\cos kt, \sin kt$ parametrize a circle in that plane.

Example: winding around the trefoil knot. Made with the Maple code below; translation into Mathematica is an exercise for the reader.

with(VectorCalculus):
with(plots):
f:=<sin(t)+2*sin(2*t), cos(t)-2*cos(2*t), -sin(3*t)>;
Tv:=Normalize(diff(f,t));
Nv:=Normalize(diff(Tv,t));
Bv:=CrossProduct(Tv,Nv);
fw:=f+0.3*(cos(50*t)*Nv+sin(50*t)*Bv);
display(spacecurve(f,t=0..2*Pi,color="DarkBlue",numpoints=100), spacecurve(fw,t=0..2*Pi,color="Red",numpoints=1000));


(Need a large value of numpoints to properly resolve the winding curve.)

The thing to worry about with this method is that $\dot{\vec T}$ may turn to zero somewhere, making $\vec N$ and $\vec B$ discontinuous at that point. Paradoxically, the worst case is when the curve is a line: $\vec T$ is constant and $\vec N$, $\vec B$ are not defined anywhere. (I say "paradoxically", because winding around a line is quite an easy thing to do.) I do not have a remedy for this problem. Consolation: it is unlikely to occur for "generic" space curves.