Numerical solution of the Laplace equation in semi-circle and quarter-circle Problem: Find the numerical solution of $\Delta u = 0$ in semi-circle $0 \leq r \leq R$, $0 \leq \phi \leq \pi$ with boundary conditions $$u_{\big|r=R} = T$$
$$u_{\big|\phi=0}=u_{\big|\phi=\pi}=0$$
where $T>0.$
After that, notice that the solution is symmetric with respect to the vertical axis and try to solve the problem only on the quarter-circle $0 \leq \phi \leq \frac{\pi}{2}$.
I managed to do the first part. I used the grid given with
$$(r_i,\phi_j) = (i \cdot \Delta r, j \cdot \Delta \phi),$$
where $\Delta r = \frac{R}{M+1}, \Delta \phi = \frac{\pi}{N+1}$ for $M,N \in \mathbb{N}.$ Also, I noticed the relation between the solution in $5$ nodes and then I've found the equation:
$$\big(1-\frac{\Delta r}{2r_i}\big)u_{i-1,j} - 2 \big[ 1 + \big( \frac{\Delta r}{r_i \Delta \phi}\big)^2 \big] u_{i,j} + \big( 1 + \frac{\Delta r}{2r_i} \big) u_{i+1,j} + \big( \frac{\Delta r}{r_i \Delta \phi} \big) ^2 u_{i,j-1} + \big( \frac{\Delta r}{r_i \Delta \phi} \big) ^2 u_{i,j+1} = 0$$
and implemented everything in Matlab successfully.
I have a problem with the part concerning the quarter-circle. I understand that $\phi \mapsto \pi - \phi$ doesn't change the solution but I'm not sure why.
Most importantly, I can't reach the boundary condition for $\phi = \frac{\pi}{2}.$ I know that for fixed $r$ the solution has the biggest value here and it gets bigger for bigger $r$, but I'm not able to find the equation analogue to the one I computed.
Any hint would be appreciated.
 A: You have pretty much stated Neumann boundary conditions:
$$\frac{\partial u}{\partial\phi}=0$$
At $\phi=\pi/2$. If we think about
$$\begin{align}u_{i,j-1}&=u_{i,j}-\Delta\phi u_{ij}^{\prime}+\frac12(\Delta\phi)^2u_{ij}^{\prime\prime}+O\left((\Delta\phi)^3\right)\\
u_{i,j-2}&=u_{i,j}-2\Delta\phi u_{ij}^{\prime}+2(\Delta\phi)^2u_{ij}^{\prime\prime}+O\left((\Delta\phi)^3\right)\end{align}$$
We can solve for
$$\frac{u_{i,j-2}-4u_{i,j-1}+3u_{ij}}{2\Delta\phi}=u_{ij}^{\prime}+O\left((\Delta\phi)^2\right)$$
Then
$$\frac{u_{i,j-2}-4u_{i,j-1}+3u_{ij}}{2\Delta\phi}=0$$
Would be my equation whatever you consider $j$ to be at the boundary $\phi=\pi/2$.  
EDIT: As for the symmetry issue, let $\theta=\pi-\phi$. Then
$$\nabla^2u=\frac1r\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\left(r\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\right)+\frac1{r^2}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial\phi^2}=\frac1r\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\left(r\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\right)+\frac1{r^2}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial\theta^2}$$
Because
$$\frac{\partial u}{\partial\phi}=\frac{\partial u}{\partial\theta}\frac{d\theta}{d\phi}=-\frac{\partial u}{\partial\theta}$$
And so on...
$$\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial\phi^2}=\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial\theta^2}$$
And when $\theta=0$, $\phi=\pi$, so $u=0$ and when $\theta=\pi$, $\phi=0$, so $u=0$. So $u(\pi-\phi)=u(\phi)$ because the differential equation and boundary conditions didn't change when we switched to $\theta=\pi-\phi$. Due to this symmetry we can say that
$$\begin{align}-\left.\frac{\partial u}{\partial\phi}\right|_{\phi=\phi_0}&=\left.\frac{\partial u}{\partial\theta}\right|_{\phi=\phi_0}\tag{1}\\
&=\left.\frac{\partial u}{\partial\theta}\right|_{\theta=\pi-\phi_0}\tag{2}\\
&=\left.\frac{\partial u}{\partial\phi}\right|_{\phi=\pi-\phi_0}\tag{3}\end{align}$$
$(1)$ because of the transformation of variables above
$(2)$ because when $\phi=\phi_0$, $\theta=\pi-\phi=\pi-\phi_0$
$(3)$ because the problem is the same for $\theta$ as it is for $\phi$
So when $\phi_0=\pi/2$ we have
$$\left.\frac{\partial u}{\partial\phi}\right|_{\phi=\pi/2}=-\left.\frac{\partial u}{\partial\phi}\right|_{\phi=\pi/2}=0$$
A: 
I have a problem with the part concerning the quarter-circle. I understand that $\phi\mapsto\pi-\phi$ doesn't change the solution but I'm not sure why.

The whole problem has a $\phi$-symmetry wrt $\phi=\frac{\pi}{2}$:
the domain and boundary condition is obvious but the same holds true for the Laplacian.
This follows by comparing the Laplacian wrt $(r,\phi)$ and $(r,\phi':=\pi-\phi)$
\begin{align}
  \Delta_{(r,\phi)} &= r^{-1} \partial_r (r \partial_r ) + r^{-2} \partial_\phi^2
  \\
  \Delta_{(r,\phi')} &= r^{-1} \partial_r (r \partial_r) + r^{-2} \partial_{\phi'}^2
  \\
  &= r^{-1} \partial_r (r \partial_r) + r^{-2} (-\partial_\phi)^2
  \\
  &= r^{-1} \partial_r (r \partial_r) + r^{-2} \partial_\phi^2
  \\
  &= \Delta_{(r,\phi)}
\end{align}
where we used $\partial_{\phi'} = - \partial_\phi \,.$
Thus, there is no possibility for asymmetry in $\phi$.

Most importantly, I can't reach the boundary condition for $\phi=\frac{\pi}{2}$.

I am not quite sure if you understood the idea correct as there is no boundary at $\phi=\frac{\pi}{2}$.
You still solve for the whole (!) semi-circle but you do that by only using variables (grid nodes) for $ 0 \leq \phi \leq \frac{\pi}{2} $.
Your linear equation system will contain equations for each grid node of the quarter circle and whenever there appears a grid in your discretized equation from the other quarter circle just use the reflected one.
You will also need to assign Dirichlet boundary conditions at $(\phi=0, 0\leq r \leq R)$ and at $(r=R, 0\leq \phi \leq \frac{\pi}{2})$.
