Doing calculations with $\operatorname{Arg}z$ vs. $\arg z$ I am confused on when to perform calculations on complex numbers using the argument or principal argument of a complex number.
I know the following properties do not necessarily hold for the principal argument:
$\text{Arg}z_1z_2=\text{Arg}z_1+\text{Arg}z_2$
$\text{Arg}\frac{z_1}{z_2}=\text{Arg}z_1-\text{Arg}z_2$
I was asked to show $\frac{\pi}{4}=4\tan^{-1}(\frac{1}{5})-\tan^{-1}(\frac{1}{239})$
Using $(1+i)(5-i)^4$
First I found the argument, $\arg(1+i)(5-i)^4$
which was  $\arg(1+i)(5-i)^4=\{-\tan^{-1}(\frac{1}{239})+2k\pi:k \in \mathbb{Z}\}$
Then I found using the additive property of arg,
$\text{arg}(1+i)=\{\frac{\pi}{4}+2k\pi:k\in \mathbb{Z}\}$
and $\text{arg}(5-i)^4=\{-4 \tan^{-1}(\frac{1}{5})+2k\pi:k \in \mathbb{Z} \} $
I then avoided the additive terms $2k\pi$ and concluded this implies
$\frac{\pi}{4}=4\tan^{-1}(\frac{1}{5})-\tan^{-1}(\frac{1}{239})$
My professor said we were supposed to use the principal argument to perform the calculations. I did not because $\text{Arg}z_1z_2=\text{Arg}z_1+\text{Arg}z_2$ is not necessarily true.
Because of this I am very confused and do not know when I should and should not use the principal argument in calculations.Also my professor never went over these properties of the principal argument. I noticed also the book likes to use $\text{arg}$ without taking on values that are periodic with $2\pi$
I asked the professor,"can we ever abuse notation and let $\text{arg}$ take on a single value." He said no. This makes me more confused, if we are asked to perform a calculation like the one above where $\text{Arg}z_1z_2=\text{Arg}z_1+\text{Arg}z_2$ is not satisfied.
 A: Using arg one can show a congruence relation, i.e. $A \equiv B \mod 2 \pi$ you can convert this to an equality if you provide a bounds checking step, which must be done. You a right to be concerned about using Arg. Incidently you shouldn't recycle the variable k for different equations. It won't necessarily cancel.
A: Note that $arg(z) =Arg(z) + 2n \pi$, $n \in \mathbb{Z}$. In other words, $arg(z) =Arg(z) mod 2 \pi$.
Hence, $Arg(z_1 z_2) = (Arg(z_1) + Arg(z_2)) mod 2 \pi$.
Similarly, $Arg(z^n) = (n Arg(z) )mod 2 \pi$.
You already considered $(1+i)(5-i)^4$. Using above relations, 
$$Arg[(1+i)(5-i)^4] =(Arg(1+i)+ 4. Arg(5-i)) mod 2 \pi $$
$$Arg(956-4i) = (arctan(1) + 4 arctan(-\frac{1}{5}))mod 2 \pi$$
$$arctan(- \frac{1}{239})= (\frac{\pi}{4} + 4. arctan(-\frac{1}{5}))mod 2 \pi$$
So, $$arctan(- \frac{1}{239}) - 4. arctan(-\frac{1}{5}) + 2\pi k = \frac{\pi}{4},$$ where $k \in \mathbb{Z}.$
Note that , $arctan(\frac{1}{239}) = 2 \pi k' - arctan(- \frac{1}{239})$.
Similarly, $4.arctan(\frac{1}{5}) = 2 \pi k_0 - 4.arctan(- \frac{1}{5})$, $|k_0|\geq 4$.
This gives,$$ 4. arctan(\frac{1}{5})  -arctan(\frac{1}{239}) = \frac{\pi}{4} $$.
