Calculating the Hilbert series I want to calculate the Hilbert series $P(M,t) = \sum_{i\in\mathbb{Z}} (\operatorname{rank}_k M_i)t^i$ for the polynomial ring $R = k[x^4, x^3y, xy^3, y^4]$ where $\deg(x^4) = 1, \deg(y^4)=1$. 
Then I tried a couple cases, like
\begin{align}
M_0 & = \langle 1\rangle, \\
M_1 & = \langle x^4, y^4, x^3y, xy^3\rangle, \\
M_2 & = \langle (x^4)^2, (y^4)^2, (x^3y)(xy^3) \rangle,\\
M_3 & = \langle(x^4)^3, (y^4)^3, (x^3y)^2(xy^3), (x^3y)(xy^3)^2, (x^3y)(xy^3)y^4, x^4(x^3y)(xy^3)\rangle,\ldots
\end{align}
So $\operatorname{rank}(M_0) = 1, \operatorname{rank}(M_1) = 4, \operatorname{rank}(M_2)=3, \operatorname{rank}(M_3) = 6$.
I am not sure my method is correct, for example I am not sure if $x^3y, xy^3$ count as degree 1 elements, also I am not sure how to conclude what the Hilbert series should be... 
 A: Your initial approach of writing down bases for each graded piece as a vector space is a good no-tech way to start on the problem, but you've made some errors. (You are correct that $x^3y$ and $xy^3$ should be in degree one: $(x^3y)^4=(x^4)^3y^4$.)


*

*$\dim M_0 = 1$ is correct

*$\dim M_1 = 4$ is correct

*$\dim M_2 = 3$ is not correct. All of the monomials of the form $x^ay^{8-a}$ can be made by multiplying $x^4,x^3y,xy^3,y^4$ together ($x^8=(x^4)^2$, $x^7y=(x^4)(x^3y)$, $x^6y^2=(x^3y)^2$, $x^5y^3=(x^4)(xy^3)$, $x^4y^4=(x^4)(y^4)$ and the others by symmetry). Instead, we should have $\dim M_2 = 9$.

*$\dim M_3 = 6$ is also incorrect. All of the monomials $x^ay^{12-a}$ can be made by multiplying $x^4,y^4,x^3y,xy^3$. Instead, we should have $\dim M_3 = 13$.

*$\dim M_4 = 17$ by a similar calculation.


At this point, our function appears have stabilized as linear, and we would conjecture that the Hilbert polynomial is $4x+1$. In order to prove this, one could prove the claim that you can build all the monomials of the form $x^ay^{4b-a}$ for $b>1$ out of products of $x^4,y^4,x^3y,xy^3$.

Alternatively, you can pursue the hint from the comments. If you can write your module as quotient of a polynomial ring, you can take a free resolution of it, use the fact that Hilbert polynomials play nicely with exact sequences, and then profit. See this answer for details about how that ought to work.
