# Evaluate $\int \cos 2\theta \ln\left(\frac{\cos \theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)d\theta$

$$\int \cos 2\theta \ln\left(\dfrac{\cos \theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)d\theta$$

My attempt is as follows:-

$$\ln\left(\dfrac{\cos \theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)=t\tag{1}$$ $$\dfrac{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}{\cos\theta+\sin\theta}\cdot\dfrac{\left(\cos\theta-\sin\theta\right)^2-(-\sin\theta-\cos\theta)(\cos\theta+\sin\theta)}{(\cos\theta-\sin\theta)^2}=\dfrac{dt}{d\theta}$$

$$\dfrac{2}{\cos2\theta}=\dfrac{dt}{d\theta}$$

Let's calculate $$\cos2\theta$$ from equation $$1$$

$$\dfrac{\cos \theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}=e^t$$ $$\dfrac{1+\tan\theta}{1-\tan\theta}=e^t$$

Applying componendo and dividendo

$$\dfrac{2}{2\tan\theta}=\dfrac{e^t+1}{e^t-1}$$ $$\dfrac{e^t-1}{e^t+1}=\tan\theta$$

$$\cos2\theta=\dfrac{1-\tan^2\theta}{1+\tan^2\theta}$$ $$\cos2\theta=\dfrac{(e^t+1)^2-(e^t-1)^2}{(e^t+1)^2+(e^t-1)^2}$$ $$\cos2\theta=\dfrac{4e^t}{2(e^{2t}+1)}$$ $$\cos2\theta=\dfrac{2e^t}{e^{2t}+1}\tag{2}$$

So integral will be

$$\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot\int \left(\dfrac{2e^t}{e^{2t}+1}\right)^2dt$$ $$\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot\int \dfrac{4e^{2t}}{(1+e^{2t})^2}$$

$$e^{2t}+1=y$$ $$2e^{2t}=\dfrac{dy}{dt}$$ 2e^{2t}dt=dy

$$\int \dfrac{dy}{y^2}$$ $$-\dfrac{1}{y}+C$$ $$-\dfrac{1}{1+e^{2t}}+C$$ $$-\dfrac{1}{1+e^{\ln\left(\dfrac{\cos\theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)^2}}+C$$

$$-\dfrac{1}{1+\dfrac{1+\sin2\theta}{1-\sin2\theta}}+C$$ $$-\dfrac{1-\sin2\theta}{2}+C$$ $$\dfrac{\sin2\theta}{2}+C'$$

And this should be actually wrong because if we differentiate the result, it will give $$\cos2\theta$$, but integrand is $$\cos 2\theta \ln\left(\dfrac{\cos \theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)$$

What am I missing here, checked multiple times, but not able to get the mistake. Any directions?

• The integral after eq(2) (and subsequent ones) is missing a factor of $t$. – NickD Dec 28 '19 at 1:27

## 5 Answers

You've done nearly all your computations correctly, save for one critical error: after your substitution $$e^t = \frac{\cos \theta + \sin \theta}{\cos \theta - \sin \theta},$$ with $$dt = 2 \sec 2\theta \, d\theta,$$ and $$\cos 2\theta = \frac{2}{e^t + e^{-t}},$$ your integrand should be $$\int \color{red}{\cos 2\theta} \color{blue}{\log \frac{\cos \theta + \sin \theta}{\cos \theta - \sin \theta}} \, \color{purple}{d\theta} = \frac{1}{2} \int \color{red}{\frac{2}{e^t + e^{-t}}} \cdot \color{blue}{t} \cdot \color{purple}{\frac{2}{e^t + e^{-t}} \, d t} = \frac{1}{2} \int \left(\frac{2}{e^t + e^{-t}}\right)^2 t \, dt.$$ You are missing that extra factor $$t$$.

• thanks, #blindness :( – user3290550 Dec 27 '19 at 23:37
• let me correct. – user3290550 Dec 27 '19 at 23:57

With integration by parts you get \begin{align} &\int \cos 2\theta \ln\left(\frac{\cos\theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=\frac 12\sin2\theta\ln\left(\frac{\cos\theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)-\frac 12\int \sin2\theta\left(\frac{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}{\cos\theta+\sin\theta}\right)\left(\frac{\cos\theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)^{'}\mathrm{d}\theta \\ &=\frac 12\sin2\theta\ln\left(\frac{\cos\theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)-\int\tan2\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta \end{align} so you just need to use $$\int \tan x\,\mathrm{d}x=-\ln|\cos x|+C$$

Use the short-hand $$\tan(\theta+\frac\pi4)=\frac{\cos \theta+\sin\theta}{\cos \theta-\sin\theta}$$ and then integrate by parts

$$I=\int \cos 2\theta \ln\tan(\theta+\frac\pi4)d\theta$$ $$=\frac12 \sin2\theta\ln\tan(\theta+\frac\pi4) - \int \frac{\sin2\theta}{\cos2\theta}d\theta$$ $$=\frac12 \sin2\theta\ln\tan(\theta+\frac\pi4) +\frac12\ln|\cos2\theta|+C$$

If you multiply the fraction inside ln top and bottom by $$\cos(2\theta)+\sin(2\theta)$$ and use the trig identities $$\cos^2(t)-\sin^2(t)=\cos(2t)$$, $$\sin(2t)=2\sin(t) \cos(t)$$, the integral becomes $$\int\cos(2\theta) \ln(\sec(2\theta)+\tan(2\theta))d\theta$$ Now use the substitution $$u=\sec(2\theta)+\tan(2\theta)$$ that gives you $$du=2u \sec(2\theta)d\theta$$ and express $$\cos(2\theta)$$ as a function of $$u$$: $$\cos(2\theta)=\frac{2u}{u^2+1}$$ When you substitute this into the integral, you can integrate by parts using the fact that $$\frac{d}{du}\left(\frac{2}{u^2+1}\right)=-\frac{4u}{(u^2+1)^2}$$

• Where did $\cos(2\theta)$ disappear after the substitution? – bjorn93 Dec 28 '19 at 0:06
• Yes, that was a mistake, the solution using that substitution is more complicated but it can still be done, I edited my original answer to show the main steps. – Math101 Dec 28 '19 at 0:42
• math.stackexchange.com/questions/175143/… – user3290550 Dec 28 '19 at 4:06

Simplify the argument of the logarithm thus:

$$\frac{\cos\theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}=\frac{(\cos\theta+\sin\theta)(\cos\theta-\sin\theta)}{(\cos\theta-\sin\theta)^2}=\frac{\cos^2\theta-\sin^2\theta}{1-2\sin\theta\cos\theta}=\frac{\cos2\theta}{1-\sin2\theta}.$$

Then it follows that $$\log\left(\frac{\cos\theta+\sin\theta}{\cos\theta-\sin\theta}\right)=\log\left(\frac{\cos2\theta}{1-\sin2\theta}\right)=\log\cos2\theta-\log(1-\sin2\theta)=\log\sqrt{1-\sin^22\theta}-\log(1-\sin2\theta)=\frac12\log[(1-\sin2\theta)(1+\sin2\theta)]-\log(1-\sin2\theta)=\frac12\log(1-\sin2\theta)+\frac12\log(1+\sin2\theta)-\log(1-\sin2\theta)=\frac12\log(1+\sin2\theta)-\frac12\log(1-\sin2\theta).$$

Thus, we may write the differential as $$\frac14\log(1+\sin2\theta)\,\mathrm d(1+\sin2\theta)+\frac14\log(1-\sin2\theta)\,\mathrm d(1-\sin2\theta),$$ which is easily done if we recall the result that the $$\int\log y\,\mathrm dy=y\log y-y+C.$$