# Teaching Dirac delta “function” $\delta(t)$

I am about to teach applied mathematics for engineering. So I will teach how to use Laplace Transform to solve differential equations. Some of these differential equations involve the Dirac delta "function" as a forcing term, for example: $$y''(t)+y'(t)-y(t)=3\delta(t-1).$$ The students have as prerequisite: Calculus II and Calculus III. I don't know how to introduce the Dirac delta function:

1) Should I first talk about the distributions as linear functionals acting on test functions. Then define Dirac delta function as $$\langle\,\delta,\varphi\rangle=\varphi(0)$$.

or

2) Define $$\delta$$ as "something" that has a Laplace Transform $$\mathcal{L(\delta)}=1$$, that is $$\delta$$ is a limit (in some sense) of a sequence of functions $$f_n$$ having a tall spike at the origin with $$\lim_{n\to \infty}\mathcal{L(f_n)}=1$$. That object can be viewed as a "function" defined by $$\delta(t)=\begin{cases} 0, & t\neq0\\ \infty, & t=0 \end{cases}$$

• I would draw its curve, state that it is the limit of zero width, unit area, give physical approximations systems (a pellet bouncing off a steel wall), and then some of its mathematical properties, in particular the integral of a delta times a general continuous function. – David G. Stork Dec 24 '19 at 22:28
• @EdwardYoung Welcome to Math SE. In case you weren't aware, for future questions similar to this, there's also the Mathematics Eductors site where questions such as about how to teach a math concept may possibly fit better. – John Omielan Dec 24 '19 at 22:33
• @JohnOmielan thank you. I will post the question in Mathematics Educators. – Edward Young Dec 24 '19 at 22:36
• @EdwardYoung You're welcome. However, note it's generally frowned on to cross-post the same question on multiple sites. If you do this, though, it's more acceptable if you first wait at least a few days for an acceptable answer, and also provide a link to each question on a site to the one one(s) on the other site(s). Alternatively, you may wish to delete your question on one site first. Regardless, I hope you get a good answer, whether here, at Math Ed. site, or elsewhere. – John Omielan Dec 24 '19 at 22:38
• I would say definitely don't talk about linear functionals on a space of test functions. You can understand the delta function intuitively just by imagining that it's a smooth function which is zero everywhere except for an extremely narrow spike centered at the origin, which is tall enough that the area under the curve is 1. – littleO Dec 24 '19 at 23:05

I see at least two problems with the linear-functional approach:

• Most students who have had the prerequisite courses you mention will not have any clue what you're talking about. Vast numbers of students are encouraged to take calculus courses for which they lack any understanding of the prerequisite material. This is unconscionable malpractice and the extent to which mathematicians have their heads in the sand about this one, keeping them there for fifty years or more, is disgusting. The story of the naked emperor is not exaggerated.

• Linear functionals are just one of the possible approaches. It's like defining a real number as a Dedekind cut, where it could just as well have been an equivalence class of Cauchy sequences, and there are yet other approaches. But nobody working with real numbers normally works with Dedekind cuts or with equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences. That a real number “is” one of those things should not be taken too literally. And in routine work with Dirac's delta, of the kind done when working with differential equations in engineering, one does not work with those linear functionals nor with any of the other approaches to making Dirac's delta rigorous.

I'm not a professor nor teacher, but an engineering student, which might be interesting for you if I tell you how my mates and I dealt with the Dirac delta function.

Our professor had taught us just saying that the Dirac delta function was not a function and had showed us the properties that you mentioned above. However, I found myself kind of curious about it and wanted to know more since at the same semestre I was learning distributions.

Nevertheless, most of us did not understand quite well the Dirac delta, despite knowing its Laplace Transform (LT), some of its properties and also that the Dirac delta was related to the LT of the Heaviside step function. We just learnt by heart, which, for me, is not good. Probably, because he did not teach like your first option.

From a college student that had to deal with such a thing, I think that your first option is better, because it would show me what it really is and its purpose, which, in my opinion, makes easier to use the Dirac delta function.

Good luck!

• I understand your point, but if the teacher does that, then there will be little time left to teach computational techniques. Most students will complain, that's for sure. It is in my opinion more efficient to teach with an intuitive theoretical standpoint and to give some references, for the more theoretically inclined students. – Giuseppe Negro Dec 25 '19 at 1:32
• Agree with you. Would take too much time, which is a problem as you explained. Maybe just doing what you said and recommending some more completed books on the topic would be enough. – Mr. N Dec 25 '19 at 3:56

Here is my perspective as a second year graduate student and recent TA for an introductory differential equations course (in Fall 2019):

Spend one lecture or less going through the second approach. While you should talk about linear functionals, most students won't have the necessary background and will therefore be confused and potentially get angry at you. This isn't your fault - the only sort of math they have seen has been the computational mathematics taught to them in the first three calculus courses. Some engineers like learning a lot about math (and some don't). If your class is mostly engineering students then they will be more concerned with the practical applications of the Laplace transform. At the end of the lecture, you could bring up a more technical remark. You could also invite your students to office hours and recommend additional reading if they want to learn more.

In terms of what to cover, I would make sure to explain the informal or non-rigorous definition of the dirac delta "function" provided $$f(t)$$ is continuous on an open interval containing $$t=0$$

$$\delta(t)=\begin{cases} 0, & t\neq 0 \\\ \infty, & t=0 \end{cases}$$

where

$$\int_{-\infty}^\infty\delta(t)\,dt=1$$

with the appropriate graph (when I was a TA, the professor provided a hand waving argument which showed that the function would have infinite height and an area of $$1$$ beneath the curve. None of the students objected to the hand waving argument).

The second property I would cover is

$$\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(t)\delta(t)\,dt=f(0)$$

which can be visualized by choosing two or three example functions for $$f(x)$$. I would then use the definition of the Laplace transform to show the shifting property

$$\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(t)\delta(t-a)\,dt=f(a)$$

which is true provided $$t\ne a$$ and $$f(t)$$ is continuous on an interval containing $$t=a$$. I would then show that for $$a\ge 0$$ this implies that

$$\mathcal{L}\big(\delta(t-a)\big)(s)=e^{-as}$$

$$y''(t)+y'(t)-y(t)=3\delta(t-1)$$

in which you could go through the linearity of the Laplace operator (if you haven't done so in a previous lecture) and the fact that you will need to use

$$\mathcal{L}\big(f(t-a)u(t-a)\big)(s)=e^{-as}F(s)$$

to find the inverse Laplace transform (assuming that students will be required to use the linearity of the Laplace operator and then find its inverse).

Outside of this, I would include anything about the delta "function" which you think is important. You could go through a second example similar to the one above where a different technique is used to find the inverse Laplace transform (such as a partial fraction decomposition followed by a different problem which can be solved directly through formulas previously derived). You could also spend more time graphing the other two properties to show how the delta "function" interacts with different example functions of $$f(x)$$. If you have $$40$$ or $$50$$ minutes to lecture, then you could spend the last $$10$$ minutes talking about what a distribution is (even though students wouldn't be tested on this material - some students will certainly be interested in learning more).

Some might say that you could pass it off as a "function" which is infinite at $$t=0$$ and is zero everywhere, with integral equal to $$1$$. However, the distribution approach might be too complicated, especially for engineering students fresh out of Calculus.

The second approach might be the best. You hide the overly complicated details, while still keeping the spirit of the Dirac delta as something that isn't a proper function. Don't leave out the fact that $$\langle f,\delta \rangle = f(0)$$ though.

If anything, you can tell the more curious students to seek you later for more details, if you have the time. Not everyone in engineering is interested in mathematical formalism; as long as the tool serves its purpose, it might be fine to them.