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This question is similar to one concerning nested logarithms and also nested radicals involving factorials. If I am correct a quick calculation shows:

$$\ln (1! \ln (2! \ln (3! \ln (4! \ln (5! \ln (6! \ldots ))))))\approx 0.654569$$

Does the sequence implied by this infinite nested logarithm converge to a finite value and if so to what value exactly?

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    $\begingroup$ Heuristically, the $\ln(x)$ function grows more slowly than $\sqrt{x}$ (in particular I believe $\ln(x)<\sqrt{x}$ for all $x>0$) so I would expect this to converge by the comparison test with the nested radical sequence, or something similar. $\endgroup$
    – 79037662
    Dec 19, 2019 at 15:46
  • $\begingroup$ For clarification, you mean for "$1!(\ln 2!(\ln 3!(\cdots$" to all be in the argument of the first logarithm, including the items in the parentheses? At first glance, I would interpret $\ln a(b)$ to be $(\ln a)\cdot (b)$ where $b$ is not included as a part of the argument of the logarithm. $\endgroup$
    – JMoravitz
    Dec 19, 2019 at 16:06
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    $\begingroup$ The sequence seems to converge very rapidly. For $n=100$ and $n=200$ , the value differs less than $10^{-200}$. The limit is apparently $$0.65456942883021402957745237107331947\cdots $$ With pari/gp, we can calculate the value with this function : f(n)={m=n;s=m!;while(m>1,m=m-1;s=log(s)*m!);s=log(s);s} $\endgroup$
    – Peter
    Dec 19, 2019 at 16:06
  • $\begingroup$ @JMoravitz Yes, sorry my parenthesis were confusing, I edited them to be more clear. I mean for the logarithms to be nested within one another. $\endgroup$
    – Goldbug
    Dec 19, 2019 at 16:08
  • $\begingroup$ @Peter Yes, this matches almost exactly what I am getting with pari/gp up to 2000!. It does appear to converge very quickly... $\endgroup$
    – Goldbug
    Dec 19, 2019 at 16:11

1 Answer 1

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Consider $$\sqrt{1!\sqrt{2!\sqrt{3!\sqrt{\dots}}}}$$ We have that $n!^{2^{-x}} \to 1$, which is sufficient to conclude the above converges. In other words, we have that $$f(1!f(2!f(3!f(\dots))))$$ Where $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$, converges. Noting that $g(x)=\ln(x)$ is positive but less than $f(x)$ for all $x>0$, it follows that $$g(1!g(2!g(3!g(\dots))))$$ also converges. The notation is a little icky, but you could also define it recursively. I checked the number computed by user Peter in the comments in OEIS and through an inverse symbolic calculator, neither of which turned up any results. If you wanted a closed form for what it converges to, you are not likely to find one, though its convergence is rapid and decimal approximations become very accurate very quickly.

Edit: slight mistake. That $n!^{2^{-x}}$ converges is sufficient to conclude $$\sqrt{1 + \sqrt{2! + \sqrt{3! + \dots}}}$$ converges, but it is not sufficient to conclude $$\sqrt{1!\sqrt{2!\sqrt{\dots}}}$$ converges. Determining whether the above converges is synonymous to showing $$\prod_{n=1}^\infty n!^{2^{-x}}$$ Converges. I will not show this, but you can take my word that it does converge. So, because the above converges, we have that $\sqrt{1\sqrt{2\dots}}$ converges. Because $\sqrt{x} > \ln(x)$, your infinitely nested logarithm must be bounded by $\sqrt{1!\sqrt{2!\dots}}$, and therefore must also converge.

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