Galton-Watson process extinction probability A similar version of this question has been posted before but it was never answered and I need help with it.
Let $S_n$ be a Galton Watson Process with offspring distribution $p_k$.
We assume that $p_0 > 0$ and that $\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} k p_k > 1$. Also $S_0 = 1$.
We define $T_0 := \inf \{n > 0 : S_n = 0\}$. Let $d := P(T_0 < \infty$). Also 
$G(z) := \sum_{i=0}^{\infty} z^k P(S_1 = k) $
is the generating function of $S_1$.
I have shown that $P(T_0 < \infty | S_1 = k) = d^k$ and $r_k := P(S_1 = k \vert T_0 < \infty) = d^{k-1}$ P($S_1 = k)$
Now I have to show that if $Z_n$ is a Galton Watson Process with offspring distribution $r_k$, then $Z_n$ is going to die out almost surely. For this I want to show that $$\frac{1}{d}\sum_{k=0}^\infty kd^kp_k \le 1$$
but I have no idea how to show this. I am not given any upper bound for $d$ or $p_k$ (other than $1$ obviously). Can anyone help?
 A: Three intermediate questions could help you:


*

*What does the condition $\sum kp_k>1$ mean for the graph of $G$ ? 

*How is $d$ determined in terms of $G$ ?

*Denote $H$ the generating function of $Z_1$. How can you rewrite $H$ in terms of $G$ and $d$ ? What can you say now about the new Galton-Watson process ?
A: Let's postpone the consideration of $Z_n$, and focus on $S_n$ for a moment.
We can further have
$$ d:=P(T_0 < \infty)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty P(T_0 < \infty | S_1 = k)P(S_1 = k) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty d^kP(S_1 = k),$$
i.e.
$$ d=  \sum_{k=0}^\infty d^kp_k.\quad (1)$$
Note the process $Z_n$ is the same as the process $S_n$ except that the $p_k$ is replaced with $r_k=d^{k-1}p_k$. Let $N_0 := \inf \{n > 0 : Z_n = 0\}, e:=P(N_0 < \infty).$ Following the same arguement, in the context of $Z_n$, we have
$$ e=  \sum_{k=0}^\infty e^kr_k =\sum_{k=0}^\infty e^kd^{k-1}p_k$$
$$ \Leftrightarrow ed = \sum_{k=0}^\infty {(ed)}^{k}p_k. \quad (2) $$
For $x \in (0, 1)$, the equation
$$ \sum_{k=0}^\infty p_k x^k -x = 0 \Leftrightarrow  \sum_{k=0}^\infty p_k (x^k -x) = 0 $$
$$ \Leftrightarrow (1-x)p_0 = \sum_{k=2}^\infty p_k x(1 - x^{k-1}) $$
$$ \Leftrightarrow p_0 = \sum_{k=2}^\infty p_k x\frac{1 - x^{k-1}}{1-x}. $$
Note that $x\frac{1 - x^{k-1}}{1-x}$ is a strictly increasing function of $x$ in (0, 1). Hence the equation has at most one solution in (0, 1).
We further note $e > 0$ since $r_0 > 0$. Hence $d$ and $ed$ are both solutions to the above equation in (0, 1). It follows that $d = ed$, and $e = 1$ i.e. the $Z_n$ dies a.s.
