# Prove the Rational Limit Theorem.

Rational Limit Theorem.

For $$f(x, y) =\frac{|x|^a|y|^b}{|x|^c+|y|^d}$$, with $$a, b, c, d$$ positive,

$$\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)}f(x, y) \text{ exists and equals zero}\Leftrightarrow \frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}>1.$$

We will break this down into three parts: first proving one direction by our techniques to show limits don’t exist, then using a famous inequality to help prove the other direction. As a guideline, each proof can be written in two or three lines.

$$1.$$ Show that if $$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}≤1$$, then the limit does not exist.

For the next two problems, you are free to use the following inequality:

Young’s Theorem. For positive real numbers $$w$$, $$z$$ and any $$0≤t≤1$$,

$$w^tz^{1−t}≤tw+ (1−t)z$$

$$2.$$ Show that if $$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}= 1$$, where $$a, b, c, d$$ are all positive, then $$f(x, y)≤1$$ for all $$(x, y)∈\mathbb{R^2}\backslash\{(0,0)\}$$.

$$3.$$ Show that if $$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}>1$$, then $$\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)}f(x, y) = 0.$$

Before I start to prove this, i'm thinking why $$1-3$$ together implies

$$\forall a,b,c,d>0,\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)}\frac{|x|^a|y|^b}{|x|^c+|y|^d} \text{ exists and equals zero}\Leftrightarrow \frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}>1$$

"$$1.$$" looks like the contrapositive of direction "$$\Rightarrow$$", actually, "$$1.$$" implies "$$\Rightarrow$$", but "$$\Rightarrow$$" doesn't implies "$$1.$$", this makes the statement stronger, which is good.

To show "$$1.$$" implies "$$\Rightarrow$$"

Let $$f(x,y)=\frac{|x|^a|y|^b}{|x|^c+|y|^d}\text{ and },a,b,c,d > 0$$, assume "$$1.$$" we have

$$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}\le1\rightarrow \lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y) \text{ not exists}$$ $$\Rightarrow(\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}\le1 \wedge \lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y)=0)\rightarrow \lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y) \text{ not exists}$$ Since $$((a \wedge b)\rightarrow c)\Leftrightarrow(a\rightarrow(\neg b \vee c))$$ we have: $$\Leftrightarrow\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}\le1\rightarrow (\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y) \text{ not exists} \vee \lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y)\neq0)$$

Which is the contrapositive of "$$\Rightarrow$$", so this make sense $$\dots$$ logically. $$\tag*{\square}$$

Then I suppose "$$2.$$" and "$$3.$$" together should implies direction "$$\Leftarrow$$".

"$$2.$$" states the following: $$\forall a,b,c,d>0, \frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}=1\rightarrow \forall (x,y)\in\mathbb{R^2}\backslash\{(0,0)\},f(x,y)\le 1$$

"$$3.$$" says that:

$$\forall a,b,c,d>0,\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}>1\rightarrow\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)}f(x, y) = 0.$$

And together should implies "$$\Rightarrow$$":

$$\forall a,b,c,d>0,\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}>1\rightarrow\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y) \text{ exists} \wedge \lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y)=0$$

Proof.

Assume "$$3.$$" have:

$$\forall a,b,c,d>0,\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}>1\rightarrow\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)}f(x, y) = 0.$$

Since $$\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y)=0\rightarrow \lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y) \text{ exists}$$

Directly implies "$$\Rightarrow$$"

$$\forall a,b,c,d>0,\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}>1\rightarrow\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y) \text{ exists} \wedge \lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y)=0\tag*{\square}$$

$$1.$$

$$\text{WTS }\forall a,b,c,d>0,\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}\le1\rightarrow \lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} f(x,y) \text{ not exists}$$

Proof.

Let $$a,b,c,d\in\mathbb(0,\infty)\cap{\mathbb{R}}, S=\mathbb{R^2}\backslash\{(0,0)\}$$

Assume

$$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}\le1$$

Show the limit does not exist

Let $$x=t^\frac{1}{c}, y=mt^\frac{1}{d}$$ where $$m\ge0$$, we have the following

$$\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)}f(x,y)=\lim_{t→0}\frac{|t^\frac{1}{c}|^a|mt^\frac{1}{d}|^b}{|t^\frac{1}{c}|^c+|mt^\frac{1}{d}|^d}$$

Try approch $$t$$ from right side, so everything is positive, then we have:

$$\lim_{t→0^+}\frac{mt^{\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}}}{(m+1)t} =\lim_{t→0^+}\frac{1}{m+1}t^{\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}-1}$$

Consider two cases:

Case 1:$$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}=1$$

Have $$\lim_{t→0^+}\frac{1}{m+1}t^{0}=\frac{1}{m+1}$$

The limit depend on the value of $$m$$, that implies limit d.n.e

Case 2:$$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}<1$$

Have $$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}-1$$ is negative, implies limit diviges, that

$$\lim_{t→0^+}\frac{1}{m+1}t^{\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}-1}=\infty$$

Therefore in both cases limit d.n.e$$\tag*{\square}$$

$$2.$$

$$\text{WTS }\forall a,b,c,d>0, \frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}=1\rightarrow \forall (x,y)\in\mathbb{R^2}\backslash\{(0,0)\},f(x,y)=\frac{|x|^a|y|^b}{|x|^c+|y|^d}\le 1$$

Maybe I can use Young's Theorem here

$$\forall w,z\in\mathbb{R},t\in[0,1]\cap\mathbb{R}, w^tz^{1−t}≤tw+ (1−t)z$$

Let $$p=\frac{a}{c}>0,q=\frac{b}{d}>0,r=|x|^c,s=|y|^d$$, have

$$\frac{|x|^a|y|^b}{|x|^c+|y|^d}=\frac{(|x|^c)^{\frac{a}{c}}(|y|^d)^{\frac{b}{d}}}{|x|^c+|y|^d}=\frac{r^ps^q}{r+s}=\frac{r^ps^{1-p}}{r+s}s^{p+q-1}=\frac{r^ps^{1-p}}{r+s}$$

$$\le\frac{pr+(1-p)s}{r+s}\le(\frac{pr}{r}+\frac{(1-p)s}{s})=1\tag*{\square}$$

$$3.$$

$$\forall a,b,c,d>0,\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}>1\rightarrow\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)}f(x, y) = 0.$$

Proof.

Let $$a,b,c,d\in\mathbb(0,\infty)\cap{\mathbb{R}}$$

Assume $$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}>1$$

Show $$\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} \frac{|x|^a|y|^b}{|x|^c+|y|^d}=0$$

Let $$p = \frac{ad}{c}-d+b$$, that $$\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b-p}{d}=1$$, we can apply 2) on this

Implies $$0\le\frac{|x|^a|y|^{b-p}}{|x|^c+|y|^d}\le1$$

Have $$\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} \frac{|x|^a|y|^b}{|x|^c+|y|^d}$$

$$=\lim_{(x,y)→(0,0)} |y|^p\frac{|x|^a|y|^{b-p}}{|x|^c+|y|^d}=0\tag*{\square}$$

First, before doing anything, note that $$f(0,y) = 0$$ whenever $$y \neq 0,$$ so if the limit exists, it must equal $$0.$$ With this context, we can see that (1) is the contrapositive of $$\Rightarrow$$ and (3) is $$\Leftarrow.$$ As you see in the hints below, (2) is simply a lemma to prove (3).

Now for the hints (really, proof sketches):

For 1, set $$t = |x|^c = |y|^d$$ and let $$t \to 0^+$$.

For 2, set $$w = |x|^c, z = |y|^d, t = \frac{a}{c}$$ in Young's theorem.

For 3, factor out $$|y|^p$$ for a particular $$p>0$$ (chosen so that we may apply part 2 to the quotient) to show $$f(x,y) = |y|^p \cdot \text{ Some bounded function}$$

I'm working this as well.

This is the generalized version of what we need to prove: http://sertoz.bilkent.edu.tr/depo/limit.pdf

For 1, I believe we can parameterize x and y, then we show when t approaches to 0, limit of the function either is independent of t, or does not exist.