How to solve given differential equation $(x^3y^3+x^2y^2+xy+1)ydx+(x^3y^3-x^2y^2-xy+1)xdy=0$?

The equation to solve is: $$(x^3y^3+x^2y^2+xy+1)ydx+(x^3y^3-x^2y^2-xy+1)xdy=0$$

I tried putting $$xy=t$$ but that just gave me this: $$\frac{t^3-t^2-t+1}{t^3+t^2+t+1}dt=\frac{dx}{x}$$

I suppose there must be some clever factoring involved somewhere but I can't see it so can someone guide me on how to advance or perhaps suggest an alternate method?

• $\frac{t^3-t^2-t+1}{t^3+t^2+t+1}=\frac{(t+1)(t-1)^2}{(t+1)(t^2+1)}=1-\frac{2t}{t^2+1}$.
– Feng
Sep 6 '19 at 4:54

The given equation is of the form $$f_1(xy)ydx+f_2(xy)xdy=0.$$ Here, $$M=(x^3y^3+x^2y^2+xy+1)y$$ & $$N=(x^3y^3-x^2y^2-xy+1)x$$ $$\therefore I.F.=\frac1{Mx-Ny}\\ =\frac1{2x^2y^2(xy+1)}$$ $$\text{Multiplying the I.F. with the equation, we get}$$ \begin{align}\\ &{\begin{aligned}\\ \frac{(x^3y^3+x^2y^2+xy+1)y}{2x^2y^2(xy+1)}dx &+\frac{(x^3y^3-x^2y^2-xy+1)x}{2x^2y^2(xy+1)}dy=0 \end{aligned}}\\ &{\begin{aligned}\\ \implies\frac{(x^2y^2+1)(xy+1)}{x^2y(xy+1)}dx &+\frac{(x^2y^2-1)(xy-1)}{xy^2(xy+1)}dy=0 \end{aligned}}\\ &{\begin{aligned}\\ \implies\frac{x^2y^2+1}{x^2y}dx &+\frac{(x^2y^2-1)(xy-1)}{xy^2(xy+1)}dy=0 \end{aligned}}\\ &{\begin{aligned}\\ \implies ydx+\frac{dx}{x^2y}+&\frac{(x^2y^2-1)(xy-1)}{xy^2(xy+1)}dy=0 \end{aligned}}\\ \end{align} $$\therefore\text{the solution is}$$ \begin{align} &{\begin{aligned}\\ \int_{(\text{y const})}Mdx+ &\int(\text{terms of N not containing x}) dy=c \end{aligned}}\\ &{\implies \int ydx+\int\frac{dx}{x^2y}=c}\\ &{\implies xy-\frac{1}{xy}=c}\\ \end{align}

Grouping terms, we get

$$(x^3y^3+1)(ydx+xdy) - (x^2y^2+xy)(xdy-ydx) = 0$$

Now substitute $$t=xy$$ and $$s=\frac{y}{x}$$

$$\implies dt = ydx+xdy \hspace{20 pt} x^2 ds = \frac{t}{s}ds = xdy - ydx$$

turning the differential equation into

$$s(t^3+1)dt - t^2(t+1)ds = 0$$

which is now separable and yields

$$\int \frac{ds}{s} = \int \frac{t^3+1}{t^2(t+1)}dt = \int 1 - \frac{1}{t} + \frac{1}{t^2}dt$$

$$\implies \log|s| = t - \log|t| - \frac{1}{t} + C$$

Substituting back in for $$x$$ and $$y$$

$$\log (y^2) - xy + \frac{1}{xy} = C$$

or rearranging terms we can have

$$y^2\exp\left(\frac{1}{xy} - xy \right) = C > 0$$