Rational points on $2x^2+2y^2=1$ and integral solutions to $2X^2+2Y^2=Z^2$ 
(a) Find a solution to the diophantine equation $2X^2+2Y^2=Z^2$; hence find a solution for rational numbers of the form $2x^2+2y^2=1$.

We have
 $2X^2+2Y^2 \equiv Z^2\pmod{2}  \implies (X,Y,Z) =c(1,1,2), ~c \in\mathbb{Z}$ is a solution. And $(1/2, 1/2, 1)$ is a possible solution to the rational equation.

(b) Find all rational solutions of the equation $2x^2+2y^2=1$; hence find all integer solutions to  $2X^2+2Y^2=Z^2$

I'm not sure about this. 
I know we can solve $y = m(x-1/2)+\frac{1}{2}$ and $2x^2+2y^2=1$ to get 
$\displaystyle x= \frac{m^2-2m-1}{2(m^2+1)}, y= \frac{1-2m-m^2}{2(m^2+1)}$ 
(1) I don't know if $m$ is rational.  So I'm not sure if I've found any rational solutions. 
(2) If I force $\displaystyle m=\frac{p}{q}$ be rational I get 
$\displaystyle x = \frac{(p^2-2pq-q^2)}{ 2(p^2 + q^2)} $, $\displaystyle y = \frac{-(p^2 + 2 p q - q^2)}{ 2(p^2 + q^2)}$. 
Then solution to the integer equation $2X^2+2Y^2=Z^2$ is:
$\left(x, y, z \right) = \left(p^2-2pq-q^2, -(p^2 + 2 p q - q^2), 2(p^2 + q^2) \right)$.
Does this sound right? Can I just assume that $m$ is rational? Why can one rational solution generate all rational solutions (if it does)? Could I have gotten the general solution for the integer version at the beginning with just modular arithmetic? 
 A: Think about what you are doing here. $2x^2+2y^2=1$ is a circle, and you have found a rational point $P$ on it. Two observations link the algebra and the geometry:
A straight line between two rational points in the plane has a rational slope ($m$ must be rational).
If you have a straight line through $P$ with rational slope $m$ it will cut the circle at another rational point (or be a tangent). This is a consequence of Vieta's formulae - the quadratic for the circle has rational coefficients, so the sum of roots of the equation for $x$ (or $y$) is rational. One root is rational so both are.
So for arbitrary $m$ you parametrise all the lines through $P$. Constraining to rational $m$ gives you all the lines which cut the circle at a second rational point (apart from one corresponding to $m=\infty$; what happens with the tangent at $P$?).
You are allowed to constrain $m$ to get the rational points. I hope this helps you to see why it works.
A: You have found one rational solution $(x,y)=(\frac12,\frac12)$ to
$$
2|x+iy|^2=1
$$
This you can now use to transform any other solution as in
$$
2=|1-i|^2\implies |(1-i)(x+iy)|^2=1,
$$
that is, $(x+y, y-x)$ is a rational point on the unit circle. Now these are all parametrized by Pythagorean triples $a+ib=(p+iq)^2$, $c=|p+iq|^2$. All together,
$$
x=\frac{p^2-q^2-2pq}{2(p^2+q^2)},~~~y=\frac{p^2-q^2+2pq}{2(p^2+q^2)}.
$$
All reflections and rotations can be obtained via permutation and sign-flips in the pair $(p,q)\in\Bbb Z^2$.
