Order of operations in rotation matrix notation. I'm trying to convert this equation to C# but I'm not a mathematician and I find math notation ambiguous:
See the first matrix in this article:
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RotationMatrix.html
which has:
$$R'_\theta=\begin{bmatrix}\cos\theta & \sin\theta\\ -\sin\theta & \cos\theta \end{bmatrix} $$
That $-\sin\theta$, is that (negate sin) × angle, or negate (sin × angle)?
In math, unlike programming, there's not much use of parentheses in math equations, so what in what order should calculations be done?
 A: $\theta$ is the greek letter theta.  In this context, $\theta$ represents the angle of rotation.
$\sin$ and $\cos$ are trigonometric functions.  You can read about them here.  In your computations, these should be evaluated first.
If you have a point on a plane represented by the tuple $(x,y)$, mathematicians refer to this as a vector in $\mathbb{R}^2$. ($\mathbb{R}^2$ is the plane of real numbers.)  Matrices like $R_\theta$ are transformations which we apply to vectors.  If we let $$R=\left[\begin{array}{cc}r_{11}&r_{12}\\r_{21}&r_{22}\end{array}\right]$$ and multiply this with the vector $v=\left[\begin{array}{c}v_1\\v_2\end{array}\right]$, we have
$$Rv=\left[\begin{array}{cc}r_{11}&r_{12}\\r_{21}&r_{22}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}v_1\\v_2\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}r_{11}v_1+r_{12}v_2\\r_{21}v_1+r_{22}v_2\end{array}\right].$$
So in the case of $R_\theta$, you have $r_{11}=\cos\theta$, $r_{12}=-\sin\theta$, etc.  Compute these before you do the matrix multiplication, and you can use the above formula.
Of course, when you get to vectors in $\mathbb{R}_3$ (associated with $3\times 3$ matrices) you will need to use a different formula.  $\text{C}\#$ probably has some built in commands to deal with all this.  I would recommend reading up on the documentation if you want to avoid doing the math yourself.
A: The expression is 
$$-\sin\theta = -(\sin\theta)$$
A: By "the equation" I assume you mean the rotational transformation in $\mathbb{R}^2$. In general you can expand the multiplication to get a vector valued function $\vec F$, so $\vec F: \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^2$, and it is defined by
$$ \vec F(x,y) = (x\cos\theta - y\sin\theta, x\sin\theta + y\cos\theta)$$
Which looks pretty much like a tuple. I'm sure there are math libraries for C# out there that have $\sin$ and $\cos$, so you can just use those.
