Don't understand an induction proof for odometer principle Prove by induction that the Odometer Principle with base b does indeed give the representation $$\text{$x_{n-1}...x_1x_0$ for the natural number $N = x_{n-1}b^{n-1}+...+x_1b+x_0$} $$.
So my question is, in the bracketed section of the image, how does one get from one line to the next? 
 A: Hint: This follows from the formula 
$$ 1 + x + \dots + x^{n-1} = \frac{x^n - 1}{x - 1} $$
which holds for any positive integer $n$ and $x \neq 1$.
You can prove this formula by doing the multiplication 
\begin{align*}
 (1 + x + \dots + x^{n-1} )(x - 1) &= x^n + (x^{n-1} - x^{n-1}) + (x^{n-2} - x^{n-2}) + \dots + (x - x) - 1 \\
& = x^n - 1. 
\end{align*}
A: The term $(b-1)(b^{m-1}+...+1)$ is equal to $b^m-1$. Then you add the final $1$, so you get $b^m$.
A: $...... + x_nb^m + (b-1)(b^{m-1} + b^{m-2} + .....  + 1) +1 =$
$...... + x_nb^m + [b(b^{m-1} + b^{m-2} + .....  + 1) - (b^{m-1} + b^{m-2} + .....  + 1)] + 1=$
$...... + x_nb^m + [(b^{m} + b^{m-1} + .....  + b) - (b^{m-1} + b^{m-2} + .....  + 1)] + 1=$
$...... + x_nb^m + [b^m + b^{m-1} - b^{m-1} + b^{m-2} - b^{m-2} + ... + b - b -1] + 1=$
$...... + x_nb^m + [b^m -1] + 1=$
$...... + x_nb^m + b^m=$
$...... + (x_n + 1)b^m $
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The text is assuming that you are familiar with $(b-1)(b^{m-1} + .... + 1) = b^m -1$ and that you can do $x_mb^m + (b-1)(b^{m-1} + .... + 1) +1 = x_mb^m + (b_m -1) + 1 = (x_m +1)b^m$ in your head.
