Why does reducing a PDE with non-homogeneous boundary conditions work? From my lecture notes: 
$$\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}(x,t)-K\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}(x,t)=f(x,t), \qquad 0<x<L, \qquad 0<t<T,$$
$$u(0,t)=\mu_1(t), \qquad u(L,t)=\mu_2(t), \qquad u(x,0)=u_0(x).$$
One can reduce the problem to an initial boundary problem with homogeneous boundary conditions. To do this, we choose any function $g(x,t)$ satisfying the boundary conditions 
$$g(0,t)=\mu_1(t), \qquad g(L,t)=\mu_2(t).$$
Now if $u(x,t) = v(x,t)+g(x,t)$ and $u(x,t)$ is the solution of the PDE, then $v(x,t)$ must satisfy the inital boundary value problem 
$$\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}(x,t)-K\frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial x^2}(x,t)=\tilde{f}(x,t), \qquad 0<x<L, \qquad 0<t<T,$$
$$v(0,t)=0, \qquad v(L,t)=0, \qquad v(x,0)=v_0(x),$$
where 
$$\tilde{f}(x,t)=f(x,t)-\frac{\partial g}{\partial t}(x,t)+K\frac{\partial^2 g}{\partial x^2}(x,t).$$
Question: How does this simplify the PDE? Wouldn't you still have to include the function $g(x,t)$ and the non-homogeneous boundary conditions associated to it when performing numerical methods? 
 A: Your function $g(x,t)$ can be given as 
$$ g(x,t) = \mu_{1}(t) + \frac{x}{L}\left(\mu_{2}(t) -\mu_{1}(t) \right)$$
then you find the solution to $v(x,t)$ through the method of eigenfunction expansion.
$$ v(x,t) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{n}(t) \phi_{n}(t) $$
You still need $g(x,t)$. What you're doing is finding the equilibrium temperature distribution and subtracting it from the function $u(x,t)$ i.e
$$  u(x,t) = v(x,t) +g(x,t)  \implies \\ v(x,t) = u(x,t) - g(x,t) $$
$ g(x,t) $ is the temperature at the end points so you want to find a function $g(x,t)$ from $u(x,t)$ you have homogeneous boundaries. If you check
$$ u(0,t) = \mu_{1}(t) $$ 
$$ g(0,t) = \mu_{1}(t) + \frac{0}{L} ( \mu_{2}(t) -\mu_{1}(t) ) = \mu_{1}(t)$$
then we have
$$ u(0,t) - g(0,t) = \mu_{1}(t) - \mu_{1}(t) = 0$$
similarly at the other boundary
$$ g(L,t) = \mu_{1}(t) + \frac{L}{L}( \mu_{2}(t) - \mu_{1}(t) ) = u_{2}(t) $$
$$ u(L,t) - g(L,t) = \mu_{2}(t) - \mu_{2}(t) = 0$$
Finally note that 
$$ u(x,t) = v(x,t) + g(x,t) \implies \\ u_{t} - \kappa u_{xx} = v_{t} - \kappa v_{xx} + g_{t} - \kappa g_{xx} = (v_{t} + g_{t}) -\kappa( v_{xx} + g_{xx}) $$
