# Show $\cosh(z) - \cos(z) = z^2\prod_{n = 1}^{\infty}\left(1 + \frac{z^4}{4\pi^4n^4} \right)$

I would like to show that $$\cosh(z) - \cos(z) = z^2\prod_{n = 1}^{\infty}\left(1 + \frac{z^4}{4\pi^4n^4} \right)$$.

Firstly, I have found that solutions to the equation $$\cosh(z) - \cos(z) = 0$$ are of the form $$z = (1 \pm i)n\pi$$ ; $$n \in \mathbb{Z}$$.

I then would like to appeal to the Weierstrass factorization theorem.

By theorem, it will follow that:

$$\cosh(z) - \cos(z) = ze^{g(z)}\prod_{n = 1}^{\infty}\left(\frac{z}{(1 \pm i)n\pi}\right)E_{p_n}$$ where the $$E_{p_n}$$ are the Weierstrass elementary factors and $$g$$ is some entire function.

At this point, I am pretty stuck as to how to transform this into the desired infinite product shown above. Any tips?

Let's start on the RHS. It is $$\left[z\prod_{n=1}^\infty\left(1+\frac{iz^2}{2\pi^2 n^2}\right)\right] \left[z\prod_{n=1}^\infty\left(1-\frac{iz^2}{2\pi^2 n^2}\right)\right].$$ The first bracket here is $$z\prod_{n=1}^\infty\left(1-\frac{((1-i)z)^2}{4\pi^2 n^2}\right) =(1+i)\sin\frac{(1-i)z}2$$ and the second is $$(1-i)\sin\frac{(1+i)z}2.$$ The product is $$2\sin\frac{(1-i)z}2\sin\frac{(1+i)z}2 =\cos iz-\cos z=\cosh z-\cos z.$$

• Can you explain how the factor of $(1+i)$ appears when you simplify the first bracket? Looking at the product formula for $\sin(z)$, it is not immediately clear. – Nicholas Roberts Apr 12 at 19:59


With $$\ds{N \in \mathbb{N}_{\geq 1}}$$:

\begin{align} &\bbox[10px,#ffd]{z^{2}\prod_{n = 1}^{N} \pars{1 + {z^{4} \over 4\pi^{4}n^{4}}}} = z^{2}\,{\prod_{n = 1}^{N}\bracks{n^{4} + z^{4}/\pars{4\pi^{4}}} \over \pars{N!}^{4}} \\[8mm] = &\ z^{2}\, \verts{\mrm{f}_{N}\pars{{z \over \root{2}\pi}\,\expo{\ic\pi/4}}}^{2}\ \verts{\mrm{f}_{N}\pars{{z \over \root{2}\pi}\,\expo{3\ic\pi/4}}}^{2}\label{1}\tag{1} \end{align} where \begin{align} \mrm{f}_{N}\pars{\alpha} & \equiv{\prod_{n = 1}^{N}\pars{n - \alpha} \over N!} = {\pars{1 - \alpha}^{\overline{N}} \over N!} = {\Gamma\pars{1 - \alpha + N}/\Gamma\pars{1 - \alpha} \over N!} \\[5mm] & = {1 \over \Gamma\pars{1 - \alpha}}\,{\pars{N - \alpha}! \over N!} \\[5mm] & \stackrel{\mrm{as}\ N\ \to\ \infty}{\sim}\,\,\, {1 \over \Gamma\pars{1 - \alpha}}\, {\root{2\pi}\pars{N - \alpha}^{N - \alpha + 1/2}\expo{-N + \alpha} \over \root{2\pi}N^{N + 1/2}\expo{-N}} \\[5mm] & \stackrel{\mrm{as}\ N\ \to\ \infty}{\sim}\,\,\, {1 \over \Gamma\pars{1 - \alpha}}\, {N^{N - \alpha + 1/2}\pars{1 - \alpha/N}^{N} \over N^{N + 1/2}}\,\expo{\alpha} \\[5mm] & \stackrel{\mrm{as}\ N\ \to\ \infty}{\sim}\,\,\, {N^{-\alpha} \over \Gamma\pars{1 - \alpha}} \end{align}

and $$\ds{\verts{\mrm{f}_{N}\pars{\alpha}}^{2} \,\,\,\stackrel{\mrm{as}\ N\ \to\ \infty}{\sim}\,\,\, {1 \over \Gamma\pars{1 - \alpha}\Gamma\pars{1 + \alpha}} = \mrm{sinc}\pars{\pi\alpha}}$$

Then, \begin{align} &\bbox[10px,#ffd]{z^{2}\prod_{n = 1}^{N} \pars{1 + {z^{4} \over 4\pi^{4}n^{4}}}} = z^{2}\,\mrm{sinc}\pars{{z \over \root{2}}\,\expo{\ic\pi/4}} \,\mrm{sinc}\pars{{z \over \root{2}}\,\expo{3\ic\pi/4}} \\[5mm] = &\ z^{2}\,{\sin\pars{\bracks{1 + \ic}z/2} \over \pars{1 + \ic}z/2}\, {\sin\pars{\bracks{-1 + \ic}z/2} \over \pars{-1 + \ic}z/2} = 2\,\verts{\sin\pars{{1 + \ic \over 2}\,z}}^{2} \\[5mm] = &\ 2\,\verts{\sin\pars{z \over 2}\cosh\pars{z \over 2} + \ic\cos\pars{z \over 2}\sinh\pars{z \over 2}}^{\, 2} \\[5mm] = &\ 2\,\bracks{\sin^{2}\pars{z \over 2}\cosh^{2}\pars{z \over 2} + \cos^{2}\pars{z \over 2}\sinh^{2}\pars{z \over 2}} \\[5mm] = &\ \bbx{\cosh\pars{z} - \cos\pars{z}} \end{align}