# Fubini's Theorem double integral with sin and $e^{-x}$

I need to calculate $$\int_{E} \frac{y}{x} e^{-x} \sin x d \mu$$, where $$\mu$$ is the product of Lebesgue measure on $$\mathbb{R}$$ with itself, and $$E = \{(x, y): 0 \leq y \leq \sqrt{x} \}$$. So, as a double integral, it looks like:

$$\int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\sqrt{x}} \frac{y}{x} e^{-x}\sin x\, dy\, dx.$$

I'd like to be able to apply Fubini's Theorem so I can change order of integration, but in order to do that I need some helpful bound for the integrand. Is there some surprising way I can do that, say, for the $$e^{-x}$$ function? And once I do that, does the fact that $$\frac{\sin x}{x}$$ goes to $$0$$ as $$x$$ goes to infinity. Can you help me out somehow?

• Whoops, fixed, I was confusing it with the limit as x goes to 0. – BMac Mar 30 '19 at 18:51
• Why are you looking to change the order? – StubbornAtom Mar 30 '19 at 19:04
• The integrand is bounded by $ye^{-x}$, which is non-negative and integrable on $E$. So Fubini's theorem is applicable. – Sangchul Lee Mar 30 '19 at 19:15
• In this case, on reflection, I guess I'm not (though a lot of times that's the goal). – BMac Mar 30 '19 at 19:16
• Sangchul Lee, is there a more efficient way to prove $ye^{-x}$ integrable on $E$ than directly calculating the integral? – BMac Mar 30 '19 at 19:18

$$\int_0^\infty \int_0^{\sqrt{x}} \frac{y}{x} e^{-x}\sin x\, dy\, dx.$$

Since $$y \le \sqrt{x},\ y^2 \le x$$ so $$x \ge y^2.$$

So

\begin{align} I &=\int_0^\infty \int_0^{\sqrt{x}} \frac{y}{x} e^{-x}\sin x\, dy\, dx\\[6pt] &=\int_0^\infty \int_{y^2}^\infty \frac{y}{x} e^{-x}\sin x\, dx\, dy \end{align}

Don't see where to go from here.

Looking at the original problem,

$$\begin{array}\\ I &=\int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\sqrt{x}} \dfrac{y}{x} e^{-x}\sin x\, dy\, dx\\ &=\int_{0}^{\infty} \dfrac{e^{-x}\sin x}{x} \int_{0}^{\sqrt{x}}y \, dy\, dx\\ &=\int_{0}^{\infty} \dfrac{e^{-x}\sin x}{x}\dfrac{x}{2} dx\\ &=\dfrac12\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-x}\sin xdx\\ &=\dfrac12(-\dfrac12) ( e^{-x} (\sin(x) + \cos(x)))|_0^{\infty}\\ &=\dfrac14\\ \end{array}$$

• This doesn't answer the question OP asked: how to bound the integrand in order to apply Fubini. – Umberto P. Mar 30 '19 at 21:21