How does this algorithm calculates the natural logarithm? This is the pseudocode
(0)
x = input
LOG = 0
while x >= 1500000:
   LOG = LOG + 405465
   x = x * 2 / 3
(1)
x = x - 1000000
y = x
i = 1
while i < 10:
   LOG = LOG + (y / i)
   i = i + 1
   y = y * x / 1000000
   LOG = LOG - (y / i)
   i = i + 1
   y = y * x / 1000000
return(LOG)

The algorithm uses integer numbers and it assumes that every number is multiplied by $10^6$ so the last $6$ digits represent the decimal part. For example, the number $20.0$ would be represented as $20 \times 10^6$. 
I have understood how part ($1$) of the pseudocode works. It just uses the following Taylor Series:
$$\ln(x) = (x-1) - \frac{(x-1)^2}{2} + \frac{(x-1)^3}{3}-\frac{(x-1)^4}{4} +\ldots,$$
which is valid for $|x-1| \le 1$. 
I don't understand though how the first while at ($0$) works. I know that its purpose is to get an $x$ such that $|x-1| \le 1$ but how does it calculate the value LOG? The number $405465$ does not seem to be an arbitrary number, so how was it chosen? As for the value 2/3 could that be changed with a different value provided that I change 1500000 accordingly?
 A: If $x\geq 3/2=1.5$ then let $t=x\cdot \frac{2}{3}$ and it follows that
$$\ln(x)=\ln(3t/2)=\ln(t)+ \ln(3/2)\approx \ln(t)+\bf{.405465}.$$
So in the first "while-loop", $x$ is divided by a sufficiently large power of $3/2$ such that the final result $x$ minus $1$ is less than $1/2$ (which is less than $1$) and we can apply the Taylor series
$$\ln(x) = (x-1) - \frac{(x-1)^2}{2} + \frac{(x-1)^3}{3}-\frac{(x-1)^4}{4}+\dots.$$
Of course we can replace $3/2$ with any number in $(1,2)$. 
A: 
The number 405465 does not seem to be an arbitrary number, so how was it chosen?

The natural logarithm of $\frac32$ is approximately $0.40546511$. Round that to six digits, scale up by the $10^6$ factor, and there it is.
So what does this do? Well, consider what happens if we input $\frac32$ as the number to find the logarithm - which scales to $x=1500000$. We go through the first loop once and add $405465$ to LOG, while multiplying $x$ by $\frac23$ to get $1000000$. That's low enough to terminate the loop.
Now, in the second loop, we reduce $x$ by $1000000$, dropping it to zero. We run the power series, adding $0$ to LOG ten times.
So, then, that number we added in the first loop is all we get for the logarithm of $\frac32$. It has to be that logarithm for the result to be correct.

As for the value $\frac23$ could that be changed with a different value provided that I change 1500000 accordingly?

We have three values to change together; the factor $1/k$ to multiply by, the threshold $10^6\cdot k$ to exit the first loop, and the value $10^6\cdot\ln(k)$ to add each time through the first loop. There are of course tradeoffs involved in time cost and/or accuracy. For larger $k$, we need more terms in the power series to maintain accuracy, while for smaller $k$ we take more trips through the first loop.
