# $SP_{2n}(\mathbb {R})$ acts transitively on $\mathbb {R}^{2n}$

I am trying to prove that $$SP_{2n}(\mathbb {R})$$ acts transitively on $$\mathbb{R}^{2n}$$ by $$(A,x)=Ax$$, where $$SP_{2n}(\mathbb {R})=\{A\in GL_{2n} (\mathbb{R})| A^{T}J_{2n}A=J_{2n}\}$$ is the real symplectic group.

To do so, I need to show that if $$x,y\in\mathbb {R}^{2n}$$, then there exists $$A\in SP_{2n}(\mathbb{R})$$ such that $$Ax=y$$.

In the $$n=1$$ case I was able to explicitly construct such an $$A$$ by solving $$Ax=y$$, but have been unable to scale up and generalise the calculation. Any hints would be much appreciated!

Via the symplectic Gram-Schmidt process, we can extend any vector $$v$$ to a symplectic basis $$\{x_1 = v, x_2,\ldots, x_n, y_1,\ldots, y_n\}$$. Given another symplectic basis $$\{x'_1 = v',x_2',\ldots,x_n',y'_1,\ldots,y_n'\}$$ the transformation $$x_i \mapsto x_i', y_i\mapsto y_i'$$ is symplectic and sends $$v \mapsto v'$$. This transformation preserves the symplectic form, because both bases are symplectic.

In case it's unfamiliar, the symplectic Gram-Schmidt process works like this:

1. Start with any non-zero vector $$x_1 = v$$. Then there exists a vector $$w$$ such that $$(x_1,w)\neq 0$$, because of non-degeneracy (and such an element must be independent from $$x_1$$). Now rescale $$y_1 = \lambda w$$ such that $$(x_1,y_1) = -1$$, e.g. $$\lambda = -1/(x_1,w)$$.

2. Given a symplectic basis $$\{x_1,\ldots,x_k,y_1,\ldots,y_k\}$$, next pick any vector $$u$$ independent from the previous $$x_1,y_1,\ldots,x_k,y_k$$. If you set $$u' := u + (x_1,u)y_1$$ then $$(x_1,u') = (x_1,u) + (x_1,u)(-1) = 0.$$ Similarly setting $$u'' := u' +(u',y_1)x_1$$ then still $$(x_1,u'') = 0$$ and also $$(u'', y_1) = (u',y_1) + (u',y_1)(x_1,y_1) = 0$$. Keep going until you kill off all the components: $$x_{k+1} = u + \sum (x_i,u)y_1 + (u,y_i)x_1.$$

3. Next, since $$(x_{k+1},t) = 0$$ for $$t = x_1,\ldots, x_k,y_1,\ldots,y_k$$, by nondegeneracy there must be some independent vector $$q$$ such that $$(x_{k+1},q) \neq 0$$. First remove the components which pair nontrivially with $$x_i,y_i$$ for $$i \leq k$$, $$q' := q + \sum_{i\leq k} (x_i,q)y_i + (q,y_i)x_i.$$ This doesn't change $$(x_{k+1},q') = (x_{k+1},q) \neq 0$$, so now rescale $$y_{k+1} := \lambda q'$$ where $$\lambda = -1/(x_{k+1},q)$$. This is now a symplectic basis of dimension $$2k$$.

So, you can see it is possible to extend any initial vector $$v$$ to a symplectic basis, which is the only fact we used above.

ADDED: (Elaborating on why the above linear transformation is given by a symplectic matrix.)

Responding to your comment, I'm not sure which of these points 1-3 is more helpful so hopefully the format makes it easier to skip things which aren't useful.

1. Why the above transformation preserves the symplectic form.

Any linear transformation sending a symplectic basis to another symplectic basis is symplectic, let's explain why. A symplectic basis has the property $$(x_i,y_j) = -\delta_{ij}$$ and $$(x_i,x_j) = (y_i,y_j) = 0$$. So if $$x_i,y_i \mapsto x_i',y_i'$$ via a linear transformation $$C$$, and both are symplectic bases, then for instance: $$(x_i,y_j) = -\delta_{ij} = (x_i', y_j') = (Cx_i, Cy_j)$$ similarly $$(y_i, y_j) = 0 = (y_i',y_j') = (Cy_i, Cy_j)$$ and similarly $$(Cx_i,Cx_j) = (x_i,x_j)$$. So the form is preserved - checking on a basis is enough to show $$(Cv,Cw) = (v,w)$$ for any $$v,w$$.

2. Why preserving the standard symplectic form is the same is being a represented by a symplectic matrix, with respect to the standard symplectic basis.

Your working definition of a symplectic matrix is a matrix $$A$$ such that $$A^TJA = J$$ where $$J = \begin{pmatrix}0&I\\-I&0\end{pmatrix}$$. First I'll recall why that is the same as saying the linear transformation corresponding to $$A$$ preserves the standard symplectic form. The matrix $$J$$ is what's called a Gram matrix/Gramian matrix of the form, for the standard symplectic form on $$\mathbb R^{2n}$$. This means that the symplectic form is given by $$(v,w) = v^TJw.$$ In general for any bilinear form, there is a linear transformation such $$A$$ such that $$(v,w) = v^TAw$$. The matrices which preserve a form $$(v,w)$$ are those such that $$(v,w) = (Cv,Cw)$$. Using the Gram matrix for the standard symplectic form, this equation says $$v^TJw = v^TC^TJCw$$ and since this holds for all $$v,w$$ it implies $$J = C^TJC$$, which is the definition of a symplectic matrix above.

So, the basis-invariant definition of $$SP$$ is the automorphism group of a symplectic vector space. Above we have constructed an invertible linear transformation which preserves the form, thus an automorphism of a symplectic vector space. By the above discussion, if you write this matrix down with respect to the standard symplectic basis, it will be a symplectic matrix.

3. Why we found a symplectic transformation instead of a symplectic matrix.

The reason we didn't actually do that is because the linear transformation we found wasn't very constructive. Every time we say "the form is nondegenerate, so we can find some vector pairing with $$x_k$$ to be non-zero" we are being nonconstructive - in general there are many many choices leading to different linear transformations, all of which send $$v\mapsto v'$$. If you wanted to be more explicit and find a matrix you would have to make these choices explicitly. This would be pretty annoying, since they depend on the initial pair of vectors $$v,v'$$ (or in the OP's notation $$x,y$$).

• Yes, but the definition of $SP_{2n}$ already presumes you’ve done this - it’s the set of matrices preserving the form. If you pick a different form it will be a different set of matrices. Usually one takes the form where the standard basis is symplectic. – Ben Jan 24 at 8:00
• Okay, that makes sense. So we have two symplectic bases, say $B$ and $B'$ with $v\in B$ and $v' \in B'$. So we can write $Cv=v'$ where $C$ is the change of basis matrix between $B$ and $B'$. So if $C$ is symplectic we are done. You've mentioned that this transformation is symplectic because the bases are symplectic, but could you possibly elaborate on why this is so? Sorry if this is a bit trivial, thos is the first time I've dealt with the symplectic group. – CoffeeCrow Jan 24 at 8:46
• @CoffeeCrow Sure no problem, unfortunately it got a little long-winded though. Let me know if you can't find what you're looking for! – Ben Jan 24 at 10:31
• @CoffeeCrow Your right that its a bit trivial, but you should compare it with the situation of an inner product. Any linear transformation sending an orthonormal basis to an orthonormal basis is an orthogonal matrix. – Ben Jan 24 at 10:35
• Thanks, that explanation helps a lot! – CoffeeCrow Jan 27 at 13:19