Proving 2 quotient rings are isomorphic So I want to show $\mathbb{R}[x]/((x-r)^2)$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{R}[x]/(x^2)$ where $r \in \mathbb{R} $. I thought of constructing a ring homomorphism $\phi : \mathbb{R}[x] \to \mathbb{R}[x]/(x^2)$ where  $ker( \phi)$ is the ideal principal $((x-r)^2)$ but then I run into problems because $(x-r)^2$ is reducible in  $\mathbb{R}[x]$ so I can't say $((x-r)^2) \subseteq ker( \phi) \implies ((x-r)^2) = ker( \phi)$ (If it was irreducible am I right in saying the opposite inclusion would hold too?)
So I gave up on that approach and just tried to explicitly construct an isomorphism and obviously prove that is in fact an isomorphism but I'm struggling with this too, any hints or advice or even solutions would be very very helpful
 A: No properties about $\mathbb{R}$ excepts that it is a field are needed, so let's work over a general field $K$. Let $r \in K$. Using the universal property of  polynomial rings, there exists a unique morphism of rings $\varphi : K[x] \rightarrow K[x]$ fixing $K$ point-wise and satisfying $\varphi(x) = x+r$. The composition of $\varphi$ with the quotient map $K[x] \rightarrow K[x]/(x^2)$ is surjetive and has kernel containing $((x-r)^2)$, hence there is an induced morphism $\bar{\varphi}: K[x]/((x-r)^2) \rightarrow K[x]/(x^2)$. Similarly, the (extension of) $x \mapsto x-r$ induces a morphism $\bar{\psi}$ in the other direction, which is inverse to $\bar{\varphi}$. (both maps are $K$-linear and multiplicative so the identities $\bar{\psi} \circ \bar{\varphi}= \text{id}$ and $\bar{\varphi} \circ \bar{\psi}= \text{id}$ can be checked on the class of $x$, where they hold by construction)
And yes, if $I \subset K[x]$ is a proper ideal and containing an irreducible $f \in K[x]$, then $I =(f)$, because: $I$ is principal, so $I = (g)$ for some $g$ and hence $f = g h$ and since $f$ is irreducible, and $g$ is no unit (because $I$ is proper) $h$ is a unit, that is $h \in K^{\times}$) 
A: Your idea is right, just use polynomial division to conclude. Let $F$ be a field and consider the homomorphism
$$
\varphi\colon F[x]\to F[x]/\langle x^2\rangle
$$
induced by $\varphi(x)=r+x+\langle x^2\rangle$. This homomorphism exists because of the properties of polynomial rings. Clearly
$$
\varphi((x-r)^2)=(x+r-r)^2+\langle x^2\rangle=\langle x^2\rangle
$$
so $(x-r)^2\in\ker\varphi$. Now let $f(x)\in\ker\varphi$; then
$$
f(x)=g(x)(x-r)^2+ax+b
$$
and
$$
\varphi(f)=g(x+r)(x+r-r)^2+a(x+r)+b+\langle x^2\rangle=
ax+ar+b+\langle x^2\rangle
$$
and therefore $ax+ar+b\in\langle x^2\rangle$, implying $a=b=0$.
