Is $\Bbb Q$ countable or uncountable? I know how to do the proof in terms of using Analysis but how do you do the proof for someone that does not have that much proof experience:
Prove that $\Bbb Q$ is a countable set.
 A: There are three equivalent ways to define countability (which include finite sets, if your definition excludes finite sets from being countable, as sometimes people do, add the requirement the set is infinite as well).

Theorem. Let $A$ be a set, then the following are equivalent:

*

*There exists an injection from $A$ into $\Bbb N$.

*There exists a surjection from $\Bbb N$ onto $A$.

*$A$ is finite or there exists a bijection between $A$ and $\Bbb N$.


In the case of proving the rationals are countable the easiest method is to use the first definition, that is simply show an injection from $\Bbb Q$ into $\Bbb N$. This is the easiest method because the order of the rationals is the "biggest" possible way to linearly order a countable set, and $\Bbb N$ has the "smallest" order possible of a countable set. So any concrete bijection is going to be ugly. But injections are a lot easier to work with.
If $x$ is a rational number then there is a unique way of writing $x=\frac pq$ where $p$ is any integer (negative, zero or positive), and $q$ is a positive integer, and either $p=0, q=1$ or $\gcd(p,q)=1$. That is, a reduced fraction. We use this to define the following injection:
$$f\left(\frac pq\right)=\begin{cases} 2^p\cdot 3^q & q>0\\ 2^p\cdot 5^{-q} & q<0\end{cases}$$
It is easy to see that this is an injection, if $f(x)=f(y)$ then by the uniqueness of factorization into prime factors we can show that $x=y$.

As for your comment about how to start the proofs, there is really just one way to start working on a proof when you are unfamiliar with a topic.
You open the notes, or the book, or the notebook, to the page where the definitions of what is "countable", and you understand it fully. If you are not quite clear about one or two points, e.g. what is a function or what is an injective function, then you flip to the relevant page and understand that as well.
After that you have understood all the relevant definitions well, you start by showing that these definitions hold in this case. Proofs in introductory level are hardly ever beyond the exercise in applying definitions, and are often coupled with the "right" definitions to begin with.
You should probably be familiar with previous theorems, previous exercises, other possibly-useful information that was given. This will make things easier to handle. If you already know that $\mathbb Z$ is countable and that $\mathbb {N\times N}$ is countable, then you can show that $\mathbb{Z\times N}$ is countable and map $\frac pq$ to $\langle p,q\rangle$ instead of a strange looking number; or if you have the second definition of countability available instead, simply map $\langle p,q\rangle$ to $\frac pq$, and show this is a surjection.
This is the simplest, clearest, and most direct way to approach a problem.
A: Here is a proof that only involves countability of $\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathbb{Q} \backslash \mathbb{Z}$. (http://www2.fiu.edu/~storferr/rat.num.ctble%5b1%5d.pdf)
A: You need to find show that a one-to-one correspondence exists between the rational numbers and the integers, which are countable. There are a number of ways to do this.
If you haven't yet proven that a there is a bijection ( a mapping, or one to one correspondence) between the set of integers and the natural numbers, which are countable, and hence the integers are countable, that might be your first step.

See, too, this one to one correspondence between $\mathbb N$ and $\mathbb Q$: it follows the statement of the theorem that the set of rationals $(\mathbb Q)$ is countable.
Finally, see this link for one route to use to prove the countability of $\mathbb{Q}^+$
A: You find a way to pair up the rationals with the naturals.  One way is described in wikipedia under theorem Q is countable
A: Consider running Euclid's algorithm (that calculates the gcd of two numbers):
Either (a,b) is taken to (a-b,b) or (a,b-a) depending on whether a>b or not.
Starting from the output (1,1), which says we started with a coprime pair.. we can consider running the algorithm in reverse to generate every possible coprime pair.
There are two choices, either we take (x,y) to (x+y,y) or (x,x+y) giving either (2,1) or (1,2)
For each of these there are again two choices: (3,1), (2,3) or (3,2), (1,3)
For each of these there are again two choices: (4,1), (3,4) or (5,3), (2,5) or (5,2), (3,5) or (4,3), (1,4)
etc..
Label each choice by 0 or 1: This shows that the finite binary strings e.g. 01 are in bijection with pairs of coprime numbers i.e. (2,3).
