Constructing a polynomial given the Galois Group of it's splitting field Let $red_p : \mathbb{Z}[x]\to\mathbb{Z}/(p)[x]$ be the canonical ring morphism sending a polynomial with integer coefficients to a polynomial with integer coefficients modulo $p$, with $p$ a prime, by taking modulo to each coefficient.
My objective is to find a polynomial $f\in\mathbb{Z}[x]$ of degree $8$ such that $\mathrm{Gal}(F/\mathbb{Q})\cong S_8$, where $F$ denotes the splitting field of $f$ over $\mathbb{Q}$, and such that $red_7(f)$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Z}/(7)[x]$. I don't even know how to begin. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
I've made some attemps to construct an 8 degree polynomial such that $\mathrm{Gal}(F/\mathbb{Q})\cong S_8$ but I can't seem to solve that problem either. I think that would be a great starting point.
 A: This is not a complete answer, just a start as you indicate that you don't even know where to begin.
Let $f\in\Bbb{Z}[x]$ monic. If its image $f_p$ in $\Bbb{F}_p[x]$ is separable and factors as $f_p=\prod_{i=1}^kg_k$, then $\operatorname{Gal}(f)$ contains an element of cycle type $(\deg g_1,\ldots,\deg g_k)$. So it makes sense to start from an irreducibe polynomial $h\in\Bbb{F}_7[x]$ as then any lift $\tilde{h}\in\Bbb{Z}[x]$ already has an element of order $8$ in $\operatorname{Gal}(\tilde{h})$. An easy first candidate is
$$h_7=x^8+x+3\in\Bbb{F}_7[x].$$
To make sure we also have a transpotion in $\operatorname{Gal}(f)$, we choose a lift $\tilde{h}\in\Bbb{Z}[x]$ that factors into one quadratic and six linear factors mod $2$. A bit of fiddling around yields, for example
$$\tilde{h}=x^8+x+3+7(x^7+x^6+x+1)\in\Bbb{Z}[x],$$
so that
$$h_2=x^8+x^7+x^6=x^6(x^2+x+1)\in\Bbb{F}_2[x].$$
which shows that $\operatorname{Gal}(\tilde{h})$ contains a transposition. This doesn't quite give you that $\operatorname{Gal}(\tilde{h})\cong S_8$, but gets you on the right track.
EDIT: As pointed out in the comments below $h_2$ is not separable, so this choice of $\tilde{h}$ doesn't quite work. I have no doubt the argument can be salvaged, but the result will likely not be as pretty. I'll give it some thought tomorrow.
UPDATE: One way to salvage the argument is to take a larger prime $p$, so that a lift $\tilde{h}$ splits into six distinct linear factors and one irreducible quadratic factor. As $\deg\tilde{h}=8$ this requires $p\geq6$, hence $p=11$ is the smallest prime that might work. And indeed, surprisingly little fiddling around shows that the lift
$$\tilde{h}=x^8+x+3+7(x+8)\big((x+3)(x+4)+6(x+1)(x+2)(x+5)(x+10)\big)\in\Bbb{Z}[x],$$
satisfies
$$h_p=(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)(x+5)(x+8)(x+10)(x^2+4x+5)\in\Bbb{F}_p[x],$$
which shows that $\operatorname{Gal}(\tilde{h})$ contains a transposition.
A: This example was produced in the first place by randomly generating polynomials and checking the factorizations with computer help (it only took a modest number of polynomials before finding a satisfactory one), so one might (reasonably) object that this answer isn't actually a "construction". But any method is going to have to show somehow that $\operatorname{red}_7 f$ is irreducible, and doing this naively is labor-intensive, as here are $588 + 112 + 24 + 7 = 631$ irreducible polynomials over $\Bbb F_7$ of degree $1 \leq d \leq 4$. If one has a faster way of generating irreducible polynomials over $\Bbb F_7$ of degree $8$ that we can then factor over $\Bbb F_2, \Bbb F_3$ (which is much faster to do manually, see below), one might be able to optimize considerably here. 
Like Servaes' approach, the method here uses Dedekind's Theorem to show that $\operatorname{Gal}(F / \Bbb Q)$ contains certain cycle types. In particular, we'll use that a transitive subgroup of $S_n$ that contains an $(n - 1)$-cycle and a transposition is $S_n$ itself.
Take
$$f(x) := x^8 + 4 x^7 + 3 x^6 + 3 x^5 + 3 x^4 + 5 x^3 + x^2 + 4 x + 5 .$$
Factoring $\operatorname{red}_p f$ over $\Bbb F_p$ for the below $p$ gives:


*

*$\operatorname{red}_7 f$ is irreducible over $f$, so $f$ satisfies the given hypothesis and by Dedekind's Theorem $\operatorname{Gal}(F / \Bbb Q)$ acts transitively on the roots of $f$.

*$\operatorname{red}_{2} f = p_3 \hat p_3 p_2$ for irreducible (and distinct) polynomials of respective degrees $3, 3, 2$. Again by Dedekind's Theorem $\operatorname{Gal}(F / \Bbb Q)$ contains a product $\sigma$ of cycle type $(3, 3, 2)$, so $\sigma^3 \in \operatorname{Gal}(F / \Bbb Q)$ is a transposition.

*$\operatorname{red}_{3} f = q_7 q_1$ for irreducible polynomials $q_d$, so Dedekind's Theorem this time gives us that $\operatorname{Gal}(F / \Bbb Q)$ contains a $7$-cycle.


After checking the irreducibility of $\operatorname{red}_7 f$ as discussed above, the most intensive verification is checking that $q_7$ is irreducible over $\Bbb F_3$, but there are only $8 + 3 + 3 = 14$ irreducible polynomials of degree $1 \leq d \leq 3$ irreducible over $\Bbb F_3$.
