Evaluating the integral $\int_0^1 \frac{\cos bx}{\sqrt{x^2+s^2} }dx$ I'd really love to evaluate this integral exactly in terms of known functions, because for large $b$ it becomes a pain numerically.
$$I(b,s)=\int_0^1 \frac{\cos bx}{\sqrt{x^2+s^2} }dx$$
Didn't get anywhere wth integration by parts, or series. I want an expression valid for both large and small values of the parameters.
Note: we have $b= \pi n$, where $n$ is an integer.
For $s \gg 1$ we can expand the root as a series and get a good approximation. However, this case is of small use to me, as in general $s$ is of the order of $1$ or smaller.
So here's my latest attempt:
Edited
$$x=s \sinh v$$
$$I(b,s)=\int_0^{\sinh^{-1} \frac{1}{s}} \cos \left(bs \sinh v \right) dv$$
Let's try integration by parts:
$$U=\cos \left(bs \sinh v \right) \\ dV=dv$$
$$dU=-bs\sin \left(bs \sinh v \right) \cosh v \\ V=v$$
$$I(b,s)=\cos b \sinh^{-1} \frac{1}{s}+bs \int_0^{\sinh^{-1} \frac{1}{s}} v \sin \left(bs \sinh v \right) \cosh v dv$$
$$I(b,s)=\cos b \sinh^{-1} \frac{1}{s}+bs \int_0^{\frac{1}{s}} \sinh^{-1} r \sin \left(bs r \right) dr$$
$$I(b,s)=\cos b \sinh^{-1} \frac{1}{s}+b \int_0^1 \sinh^{-1} \frac{x}{s} \sin \left(b x \right) dx$$
This seems a little better, at least we separated the special case $I(0,s)$, which is the first term. Not sure how to continue.
Using the fact that $b= \pi n$, we can transform the integral as:
$$b \int_0^1 \sinh^{-1} \frac{x}{s} \sin \left(b x \right) dx=\pi \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} (-1)^k \int_0^1 \sinh^{-1} \left( \frac{t+k}{ns} \right) \sin \pi t dt$$
The function $\sinh^{-1}$ is pretty nice, it has a logarithmic growth, and doesn't blow up anywhere. I guess, this could be the way to get a good approximation, especially since we have an alternating sum.
 A: The asymptotic for large $n$ is determined by the behaviour of the integrand at $x = \pm 1$. Choosing a contour going in the direction $i$ from $x = -1$ and then in the direction $-i$ towards $x = 1$ and expanding the non-exponential part, we have
$$\frac 1 {\sqrt {x^2 + s^2}} \bigg\rvert_{x = -1 + i \xi} =
\frac 1 {\sqrt {1 + s^2}} + \frac {i \xi} {(1 + s^2)^{3/2}} + O(\xi^2), \\
\frac 1 {\sqrt {x^2 + s^2}} \bigg\rvert_{x = 1 + i \xi} =
\frac 1 {\sqrt {1 + s^2}} - \frac {i \xi} {(1 + s^2)^{3/2}} + O(\xi^2).$$
The contributions from the first terms will cancel out, leaving
$$I(\pi n, s) =
\frac 1 2\int_{-1}^1 \frac {e^{i \pi n x}} {\sqrt {x^2 + s^2}} dx \sim
i \int_0^\infty
 \frac {i \xi} {(1 + s^2)^{3/2}} e^{-i \pi n - \pi n \xi} d\xi = \\
\frac {(-1)^{n - 1}} {\pi^2 (1 + s^2)^{3/2} n^2},
\quad n \to \infty, \,n \in \mathbb N.$$
A: Getting a grasp of the original problem: we want to find the asymptotic behaviour of the Fourier coefficients of $\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+s^2}}\in L^2(0,1)$. Since the inverse Laplace transform of $\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+s^2}}$ is $J_0(as)$ and the Laplace transform of $\cos(\pi n x)\mathbb{1}_{(0,1)}(x)$ is $\frac{a}{a^2+n^2\pi^2}-\frac{a(-1)^n}{e^a(a^2+\pi^2 n^2)}$, we have
$$ \int_{0}^{1}\frac{\cos(\pi n x)}{\sqrt{x^2+s^2}}\,dx = \underbrace{\int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{a J_0(as)}{a^2+\pi^2 n^2}\,da}_{K_0(\pi n s)} + (-1)^{n+1}\int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{a J_0(as)}{e^a(a^2+\pi^2 n^2)}\,da $$
which is fairly easy to approximate numerically due to the known bounds for Bessel functions.
Close to the origin $J_0(a)$ can be approximated through its rapidly-convergent Maclaurin series, far from the origin we have Tricomi's $J_0(a)\approx\frac{\sin(a)+\cos(a)}{\sqrt{\pi a}}$. For $K_0$ we have Hankel's expansion.
In particular the Fourier coefficients of $\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+s^2}}$ decay like $\frac{1}{n^2 s^3}$.
It is also interesting to point out a curious inequality provided by Cauchy-Schwarz:
$$\begin{eqnarray*}\left|\int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{a J_0(as)}{e^a(a^2+\pi^2 n^2)}\,da\right|^2&\leq& \int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{J_0(as)^2}{e^{2a}}\,da\int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{a^2}{(a^2+\pi^2 n^2)^2}\,da\\&=&\frac{1}{8n\,\text{AGM}(1,\sqrt{1+s^2})}\leq\frac{1}{8n}(1+s^2)^{-1/4}.\end{eqnarray*}$$
A: Just a comment
The integral is the real part of
$$\int^1_0\frac{e^{ibx}}{\sqrt{s^2+x^2}}dx$$
If we make a substitution $x=is\cos t$, without dealing with branch cuts rigorously we can obtain
$$-i\int^{\cos^{-1}(-i/s)}_{\pi/2}e^{-bs\cos t}dt$$
Essentially,
$$I(b,s)=\Im~ \int^{\cos^{-1}(-i/s)}_{\pi/2}e^{-bs\cos t}dt $$
or
$$I(b,s)=-\Im~ \int^{\sin^{-1}(-i/s)}_{0}e^{-bs\sin t}dt $$
which suggests a relation with Bessel functions. However, due to the upper and lower limits not being $\pm\pi$, the normal Bessel functions cannot be used. I think there might be a need to define some kind of ‘incomplete Bessel function’ to write the integral in closed form.
