# Is the trace of inverse matrix convex?

Hi I would like to know whether the trace of the inverse of a symmetric positive definite matrix $\mathrm{trace}(S^{-1})$ is convex.

Actually I know that the trace of a symmetric positive definite matrix $S\in M_{m,m}$ is convex since we can find $B\in M_{n,m}$ such that $S=B^T\times B$ then we can write the trace as the sum of scalar quadratic forms, i.e. $\mathrm{trace}(S)=\mathrm{trace}(B^T\times B)=\sum_{j=1}^mb_j^T\times b_j$ where $b_j$ is the $j^{th}$ column of $B$.

for instance if we have $trace([\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \\ \end{array}] \times [\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 \\ \end{array}])= [\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2 \\ \end{array}]\times [\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 2 \\ \end{array}]+ [\begin{array}{cc} 3 & 4 \\ \end{array}]\times [\begin{array}{c} 3 \\ 4 \\ \end{array}]=30$

And so I wonder if $\mathrm{trace}(S^{-1})$ is convex too..

• So you are asking if the function $S\longmapsto \mbox{trace}\;S^{-1}$ is convex on symmetric positive definite matrices? Feb 8, 2013 at 0:48
• yes I would like to know if that function is convex Feb 8, 2013 at 0:51
• The fact that the trace of the matrix itself is convex is obvious, because the trace is linear. That stuff about $B^T B$ is irrelevant (and wrong, since you want to look at a function of $S$, not of $B$). Feb 8, 2013 at 1:12
• yes I want to look at the function itself but remember that a function can be convex just in a specific interval. And in this case I guess that this interval is the symmetric positive definite matrices.. Feb 9, 2013 at 22:24

Yes, it is. Consider $S(t) = A + t B$ where $A$ is symmetric positive definite and $B$ is symmetric. It is enough to show that $$\left.\dfrac{d^2}{d t^2} \text{Tr}(S(t)^{-1})\right|_{t=0} \ge 0$$ Now $$S(t)^{-1} = (A (I + t A^{-1} B))^{-1} = A^{-1} - t A^{-1} B A^{-1} + t^2 A^{-1} B A^{-1} B A^{-1} + \ldots$$ so $$\left. \dfrac{d^2}{\partial t^2} \text{Tr}(S(t)^{-1}) \right|_{t=0} = 2 \text{Tr}(A^{-1} B A^{-1} B A^{-1})$$ But $A^{-1} B A^{-1} B A^{-1} = C A^{-1} C^T$ where $C = A^{-1} B$ and $A^{-1}$ is positive definite, so $C A^{-1} C^T$ is positive semidefinite, and therefore $\text{Tr}(CA^{-1} C^T) \ge 0$.

• Very nice Robert, +1. Feb 8, 2013 at 1:50
• So can we found the scalar quadratic form for $\mathrm{trace}(S^{-1})$ like I did for $\mathrm{trace}(S)$? Feb 11, 2013 at 21:17
• What scalar quadratic form? Feb 11, 2013 at 21:21
• like the one that I have written for $\mathrm{trace}(S)=\mathrm{trace}(B^T\times B)=\sum_{j=1}^mb_j^T\times b_j$ where $b_j$ is the $j^{th}$ column of $B$. $b_j^T\times b_j$ is scalar quadratic form for $Q=I_{m\times m}$. Feb 12, 2013 at 0:55
• A twice differentiable function $f$ on an open subset $U$ of a vector space $V$ is convex iff $$\left.\dfrac{d^2}{dt^2} f(u + tv)\right|_{t=0} \ge 0$$ for all $u \in U$, $v \in V$. The point is that other values of $t$ (for which $u+tv \in U$) correspond to other choices for $u$ at $t=0$. Nov 19, 2013 at 4:31

We can prove that $$Tr\{X^{-1}\}$$ is convex function by considering an arbitrary line, $$X = Z + tV$$, where $$V \in S^n$$ and $$Z \in S^n_{++}$$. Let $$g(t) = f(Z+tV)$$ for all $$t \in \mathbb R$$ such that $$Z+tV \in S^n_{++}$$. If (for all $$X \in S^n_{++}$$ and all $$V \in S_n$$) $$g$$ is convex then $$f$$ is convex. Consider \begin{align} g(t) &= Tr\{X^{-1}\} = Tr\{(Z+tV)^{-1}\}\\ & = Tr\{Z^{-1/2}(I+tZ^{-1/2}VZ^{-1/2})^{-1})Z^{-1/2}\} \\ & = Tr\{Z^{-1}(I+tZ^{-1/2}VZ^{-1/2})^{-1})\} \qquad \qquad \because \; Tr\{BA\} = Tr\{AB\} \\ \end{align} Since, $$(Z^{-1/2}VZ^{-1/2})^T = Z^{-1/2}VZ^{-1/2}$$ as $$Z,V \in S^n$$. We can write, $$Z^{-1/2}VZ^{-1/2} = Q\Sigma Q^T$$, where $$Q$$ is orthogonal matrix and $$\Sigma$$ is a diagonal matrix with eigen values $$\lambda_i$$'s $$Z^{-1/2}VZ^{-1/2}$$ of as diagonal entries. Hence,

\begin{align} g(t) & = Tr\{Z^{-1}(I+tQ\Sigma Q^T)\} \quad \because \; Tr\{BA\} = Tr\{AB\} \\ & = Tr\{Z^{-1}Q^T(I+t\Sigma)Q\} \quad \because \; Q^{-1} = Q^T \\ & = Tr\{QZ^{-1}Q^T(I+t\Sigma)\} \\ & = \sum_{i=1}^n (QZ^{-1}Q^T)_{ii} \frac{1}{1+t\lambda_i}\\ \implies g''(t) &= \sum_{i=1}^n (QZ^{-1}Q^T)_{ii} \frac{2\lambda_i^2}{(1+t\lambda_i)^3} \end{align} As, $$(1+t\lambda_i)>0$$ and $$QZ^{-1}Q^T$$ is symmetric and positive definite matrix ($$\because Z^{-1} \in S^n_{++}$$) resulting in the diagonal entries of $$QZ^{-1}Q^T$$ being positive values. Hence $$g''(t)>0$$ is always true. This concludes that $$f$$ is convex.

• You went a bit too quickly when assuming $\lambda_i> 0$. Indeed, the $\lambda_i$ are the eigenvalues of the matrix $A=Z^{-1/2}VZ^{-1/2}$, which is symmetric because $Z^{-1/2}$ and $V$ are, but which is not necessarily positive definite because condition $Z+tV\succ 0$ does not necessarily require $V\succ 0$.However, once can easily show that $I+tA$ is positive definite, which implies $1+t\lambda_i>0$. We can then conclude by noticing that the function $g_i:t\mapsto \frac{1}{1+t\lambda_i}$ is convex on the interval $\{t \in \mathbb R : 1+t\lambda_i>0\}$. Dec 3, 2021 at 15:26
• I have made the changes. Hope it is fine now. Thanks @DodoDuQuercy Dec 4, 2021 at 16:09