Most textbooks of calculus / real analysis present a version of limit laws which help us to infer about limit of sum or product of functions provided the limits of individual functions are known to exist. Such rules also go by the name algebra of limits.
In this post and my answer to it I provide an extended version of these laws which are more helpful in step by step evaluation of a limit. Before I state those laws it is better to give some introductory remarks.
If $f$ is a real valued function defined in certain deleted neighborhood of point $a$ then the limiting behavior of $f(x) $ as $x\to a$ can be of one of the following types:
- $\lim_{x\to a} f(x) $ exists. Although it is redundant to state, to avoid confusion / ambiguity this means that the limit exists as a finite real number. We also say that $f(x) $ converges to a real number as $x\to a$. Example $\lim_{x\to 0}x$.
- $f(x) \to \infty $ as $x\to a$. We say that $f(x) $ diverges to $\infty $ as $x\to a$ and some prefer to write this in symbols as $\lim_{x\to a} f(x) =\infty$. Example $\lim_{x\to 0} (1/x^2)$.
- $f(x) \to - \infty $ as $x\to a$. We say that $f(x) $ diverges to $-\infty $ as $x\to a $ and some prefer to write this in symbols as $\lim_{x\to a} f(x) =-\infty$. Example $\lim_{x\to 0} (-1/x^2)$.
- $f(x) $ oscillates finitely as $x\to a$. More formally this means that $f$ is bounded in some deleted neighborhood of $a$ and there exist at least two distinct real numbers $A$ and $B$ and two sequences $\{a_n\}, \{b_n\} $ of numbers in the deleted neighborhood of $a$ such that $$\lim_{n\to\infty} a_n=a=\lim_{n\to\infty} b_n$$ and $$\lim_{n\to\infty} f(a_n) =A, \lim_{n\to\infty} f(b_n) =B$$ Example $\lim_{x\to 0}(1/x)-\lfloor 1/x\rfloor$.
- $f(x) $ oscillates infinitely as $x\to a$. This means that there is a sequence $\{a_n\} $ of numbers in deleted neighborhood of $a$ such that $$\lim_{n\to\infty} a_n=a, \lim_{n\to \infty} |f(a_n) |=\infty$$ and yet neither $f(x) \to\infty $ nor $f(x) \to-\infty $ as $x\to a$. Example $\lim_{x\to 0}(1/x)\sin(1/x)$.
The above list is exhaustive and consists of mutually exclusive possibilities. Sometimes the second and third options are combined together and one says that $f(x) $ diverges as $x\to a$. Similarly the fourth and fifth options can be combined to say that $f(x) $ oscillates as $x\to a$.
Now we come to extended limit laws.
Theorem 1: Let $f, g$ be functions defined in a certain deleted neighborhood of $a$ and let $\lim_{x\to a} f(x) $ exist and be equal to $L$. Then the limiting behavior of $f(x) \pm g(x) $ as $x\to a$ is of exactly the same type as that of $g(x) $ and we can write $$\lim_{x\to a} \{f(x) \pm g(x) \}=\lim_{x\to a} f(x) \pm\lim_{x\to a} g(x) =L\pm\lim_{x\to a} g(x) $$ The case of divergence can be same or opposite (as regards to sign of $\infty$) depending on the sign $\pm$ which combines $f, g$.
Theorem 2: Let $f, g$ be defined in a certain deleted neighborhood of $a$ and let $\lim_{x\to a} f(x) =L\neq 0$. Then the limiting behavior of $f(x) g(x) $ as $x\to a$ is of exactly the same type as that of $g(x) $ and we can write $$\lim_{x\to a} f(x) g(x) =\lim_{x\to a} f(x) \cdot \lim_{x\to a} g(x) =L\lim_{x\to a} g(x) $$ The case of divergence can be same or opposite according as $L>0$ or $L<0$. Also the case of convergence holds when $L=0$ but other cases can't be guaranteed when $L=0$.
Both these theorems can be used to evaluate the limit of a complicated expression in a step by step manner by handling one term or one factor at a time whose limit is known thereby reducing the expression to a simpler form at each step. Each step is justified on the basis of the term/factor whose limit is known irrespective of the behavior of other terms/factors.
Moreover the theorems indicate that each step is reversible and hence holds unconditionally. This is better than using the standard limit laws which basically say that the limit has to be applied simultaneously on each part of the expression on the condition that each part has a limit and parts occurring as denominator have non-zero limit.
I will provide proof of one of the theorems as an answer (to be marked community wiki). I expect users to provide other point of views regarding these theorems and any improvements in my question and answer are also welcome.
Note: The above is a more formal and detailed version of the rules presented in this answer and it is based on a request in a comment to another question.