# Interesting limits.

I recently came up with a problem which I think is quite interesting and here it is.

Let $$I(n)=\lim_{x\to 0} \left(\frac {1}{(e^x-1)^n} -\frac {1}{\left(\frac {x}{1!}+\frac {x^2}{2!}+\frac {x^3}{3!}+\cdots +\frac {x^n}{n!}\right)^n}\right)$$ Evaluate $I(n)$ in terms of $n$

Now I tried a lot of messing ups with this monster. Tried L'Hospital, Squeeze theorem, Stolz-Cesaro, Binomial theorem and Multinomial theorem, etc. But couldn't reach the general form. On writing out few terms using Wolfy I get $I(1)=\frac {-1}{2}$ , $I(2)=\frac {-1}{3}$, $I(3)=\frac {-1}{8}$, $I(4)=\frac {-1}{30}$ and so on

On spending some time on these observations I could conjecture that

$$I(n)=\frac {-n}{(n+1)!}$$

and tried this formula to check whether it was consistent with other values of $n$ and it indeed was. So Now I have the general form but no proof to it.

And something which is quite interesting in this question is that the first fraction has a denominator with a function raised to power $n$ while the denominator of second fraction is nothing but the Maclaurin expansion of that function with finite terms (here $n$ terms) raised to power of $n$. So I tried to test it with some other functions and the results impressed me a lot.

1) $$J(n)=\lim_{x\to 0} \left(\frac {1}{(\ln (1+x))^n} -\frac {1}{\left(x-\frac {x^2}{2}+\frac {x^3}{3}-\cdots +\frac {(-1)^{n+1} x^n}{n}\right)^n}\right) =\frac {(-1)^{n+1}n}{n+1}$$

2)$$G(n)=\lim_{x\to 0} \left(\frac {1}{(\arccos x-\frac {\pi}{2})^n} -\frac {1}{\left(\underbrace{\frac {x}{1}+\frac {x^3}{6}+\frac {3x^5}{40}+\frac {5x^7}{112}+\cdots}_{\text {n terms}}\right)^n}\right)$$ Now this limit is more interesting because it equals $0$ for all even natural $n$ and it doesn't exist for any odd natural $n$

Now what I actually want is a proper method to solve such problems. You can take any of top 2 limits ( i.e of $(e^x-1)$ or $\ln (1+x)$) to demonstrate your method.

• Very cool problem! Just as an aside: you can put a bracket under the expansion of the last formula to make it prettier $$G(n)=\lim_{x\to 0} \left(\frac {1}{(\arccos x-\frac {\pi}{2})^n} -\frac {1}{\left(\underbrace{\frac {x}{1}+\frac {x^3}{6}+\frac {3x^5}{40}+\frac {5x^7}{112}+\cdots}_{\text {n terms}}\right)^n}\right)$$I didn't edit because it's not mandatory at all, if you want, here's the code G(n)=\lim_{x\to 0} \left(\frac {1}{(\arccos x-\frac {\pi}{2})^n} -\frac {1}{\left(\underbrace{\frac {x}{1}+\frac {x^3}{6}+\frac {3x^5}{40}+\frac {5x^7}{112}+\cdots}_{\text {n terms}}\right)^n}\right) – Davide Morgante Aug 26 '18 at 11:54
Let $a=e^x-1$ and $b=\frac {x}{1!}+\frac {x^2}{2!}+\frac {x^3}{3!}+\cdots +\frac {x^n}{n!}$, so is it easy to see: $a\sim x$ , $b\sim x$ and $b-a\sim -\frac{x^{n+1}}{(n+1)!}$ as $x\to 0.$ $$\frac {1}{(e^x-1)^n} -\frac {1}{\left(\frac {x}{1!}+\frac {x^2}{2!}+\frac {x^3}{3!}+\cdots +\frac {x^n}{n!}\right)^n}$$ $$=\frac{b^n-a^n}{a^nb^n}=\frac{(b-a)(b^{n-1}+b^{n-2}a+\cdots+a^{n-1})}{a^n b^n}$$ $$\sim\frac{\left(-\frac{x^{n+1}}{(n+1)!}\right)(nx^{n-1})}{x^{2n}}\to\frac {-n}{(n+1)!},$$ as $x\to 0$.