Matrix Transpose and Multiplication Notation : $uv^{T}$ vs $uv^{T}I$ Really basic question on notation...if $u,v$ are column vectors and $A$ is a matrix (we're in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ here), is it customary to write
$$A+uv^{T}:=A+uv^{T}I,$$
or...?  I've honestly never seen the shorthand before until today.
 A: $$A+uv^{T}$$ This is fine. As $d\times 1$ multiplied with $1 \times d$ gives $d \times d$, the result is correct, and it is written this way all the time. This is why it is important to have dimensions and order of operations correct so there is no confusion, but this is fine. The $I$ does not do anything to make it more obvious, though it does not hurt. To be even more obvious, it is sometimes necessary to write the dimension for $I$ as in $I_d$ or sometimes $I_{d \times d}$, but all that is completely unnecessary here.
A: It's not simply a notation, nor a definition. That's an actual equality between the "two" entities. Remember that the identity matrix $I$ is the identity to the product between matrices. This means that for any matrix $M$ such that the product $MI$ is defined, we'll have $MI=M$.
Since $A\in \mathcal{M}_ d(\mathbb{R}) \cong \mathbb{R}^{d\times d}$ and $u$ and $v$ are column vectors, we have $u,v\in \mathbb{R}^{d\times 1}$. Therefore $v^T \in \mathbb{R}^{1\times d}$ and we'll have $uv^T\ \in \mathbb{R}^{d\times d}$. Since the product $uv^T$ is defined, by the above paragraph it will follow that $uv^T=uv^TI$.

You might be interested in the Sherman-Morrison formula.
A: There is no reason to multiply with $I$. Note that $v^T$ is a row vector, hence we multiply a $d\times 1$ matrix with a $1\times d$ matrix and obtain a $d\times d$ matrix.
Contrast this with $v^Tu$, wich is a scalar (or $1\times 1$ matrix).
A: AFAIK, it's done all the time in quantum physics, as the general "outer product" of a ket and a bra. Such an outer product of vectors is a linear operator, and if $u,v$ lie in the same space as the domain(=co-domain) of $A$ it makes perfect sense to add $A$ and $uv^T$.
