Asymptotics of Hilbert transform from asymptotics of original function Suppose we have a locally integrable function $f: \mathbb R^+ \to \mathbb R$ and we consider the 'Hilbert transformed' function
$$ h(t) := \int_0^\infty \frac{f(\tau)}{t -\tau} \mathrm d \tau. $$
We presume this function is well-defined (possibly in the Cauchy PV sense).

Suppose $f(t) \sim \frac{\beta}{t^\alpha}$ (with $\alpha > 0$) as $t \to \infty$. I would like to show that (or know which extra condition(s) to impose such that) the asymptotics of the Hilbert transform is
  $$ h(t) \sim_{t \to -\infty}  \left\{ \begin{array}{ccl}
\frac{\gamma}{|t|^{\min (1,\alpha)}} & &  \textrm{if }0 < \alpha \neq 1, \\
\frac{\gamma \ln |t|}{t} & & \textrm{if }\alpha = 1.
\end{array} \right. $$

(Note that I am looking at negative $t$.)
The intuitive idea for why I believe this to be true---which I struggle to make rigorous---is the following: I would like to split $h(t)$ up into two parts:
$$ h(t) = \underbrace{ \int_0^{t^*} \frac{f(\tau)}{t -\tau} \mathrm d \tau}_{=: h_1(t)} + \underbrace {\int_{t^*}^\infty \frac{f(\tau)}{t -\tau} \mathrm d \tau}_{=: h_2(t)} $$
such that (in a sense to be made precise) in the second integral we can replace $f(\tau)$ by its asymptotic behavior:
$$ h_2(t) \approx \beta \int_{t^*}^\infty \frac{1}{\tau^\alpha (t-\tau)}\mathrm d \tau. $$
It is then simple to show that $h_1(t)$ is asymptotically $\sim \frac{\gamma_1}{t}$ (this is the well-known asymptotic behavior of the Hilbert transform of a function on compact support) and $h_2(t)$ has the asymptotics claimed in the yellow box above. To see the latter, simply observe that $\int_{t^*}^\infty \frac{1}{\tau^\alpha (t-\tau)}\mathrm d \tau = -\frac{1}{|t|^\alpha} \int_{t^*/|t|}^\infty \frac{1}{x^\alpha(1+x)} \mathrm d x$ (for negative $t$), and
$$\int_\varepsilon^\infty \frac{1}{x^\alpha(1+x)} \mathrm d x \sim_{\varepsilon \to 0^+} \left\{ \begin{array}{lll}
\textrm{cst} & & \textrm{if } 0 < \alpha < 1, \\
\textrm{cst} \; \times \; \ln \varepsilon & & \textrm{if } \alpha = 1, \\
\textrm{cst} \; \times \; \varepsilon^{1-\alpha} & & \textrm{if } \alpha \geq 1.
\end{array} \right.$$
EDIT: It turns out that all of the above statements are proven in the 1969 article 'Some Asymptotic Behavior of Stieltjes Transforms' by Zimering. (More precisely, case $0 < \alpha < 1$ is 'Theorem 1', case $\alpha = 1$ is 'Theorem 2' and case $\alpha > 1$ is 'Theorem 4'. Also note that the Hilbert/Stieltjes transform considered by the author is related to the above as $-h(-t)$; hence when the author excludes the negative real axis, it corresponds to excluding the positive real axis of $h(t)$, which is fine for our purposes.) I thank Nick Jones for making me aware of this reference.
 A: General remarks
For the following arguments it is indeed sufficient that $f$ is locally integrable on $[0,\infty)$ . For some $\alpha > 0$, $\beta \in \mathbb{R}\setminus \{0\}$ we have the asymptotic equivalence $f(\tau) \sim \frac{\beta}{\tau^\alpha}$ as $\tau \to \infty$ , which by definition means that
$$ \lim_{\tau \to \infty} \left| \frac{f(\tau) - \frac{\beta}{\tau^\alpha}}{\frac{\beta}{\tau^\alpha}} \right| = 0 $$
holds. Equivalently, for all $\varepsilon > 0$ there is a $t_\varepsilon > 0$ such that we have
$$ \tag{1}
\frac{\beta - \frac{|\beta| \varepsilon}{2}}{\tau^\alpha} \leq f(\tau) \leq \frac{\beta + \frac{|\beta| \varepsilon}{2}}{\tau^\alpha} \, , \, \tau > t_\varepsilon \, . $$
We consider the function
$$ h \colon \mathbb{R}^- \to \mathbb{R}\, , \,  h(t) = \frac{1}{\pi} \int \limits_0^\infty \frac{f(\tau)}{t - \tau} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \, ,$$
and define $t = -s$ for simplicity. We will also make use of the inequality
$$ \tag{2}
\left|-\frac{1}{\pi} \int \limits_0^{t_\varepsilon} \frac{f(\tau)}{s + \tau} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \right| \leq \frac{1}{\pi s} \int \limits_0^{t_\varepsilon} |f(\tau)| \, \mathrm{d} \tau \, .$$
The case $\alpha > 1$
For $\alpha > 1$ the local integrability and the asymptotic behaviour imply $f \in L^1 (\mathbb{R})$, so
$$ h(-s) = - \frac{1}{\pi s} \int \limits_0^\infty f(\tau) \, \mathrm{d} \tau + \frac{1}{\pi s} \int \limits_0^\infty \frac{f(\tau) \tau}{s + \tau} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \, . $$
We now use equation $(1)$ with $\varepsilon = 2$ to obtain
$$\left| \int \limits_0^\infty \frac{f(\tau) \tau}{s + \tau} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \right| \leq \frac{1}{s} \int \limits_0^{t_2} |f(\tau)| \tau \, \mathrm{d} \tau
+ 2 |\beta| \int \limits_{t_2}^\infty \frac{\tau^{1-\alpha}}{s + \tau} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \stackrel{s \to \infty}{\longrightarrow} 0 $$
by the dominated convergence theorem. Thus we find
$$ h (-s) \sim - \frac{1}{\pi s} \int \limits_0^\infty f(\tau) \, \mathrm{d} \tau \, , \, s \to \infty \, . $$
The case $\alpha = 1$
Fix $\varepsilon > 0$ . Then equation $(1)$ yields
$$ - \frac{1}{\pi} \int \limits_{t_\varepsilon}^\infty \frac{f(\tau)}{s + \tau} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \leq - \frac{\beta - \frac{|\beta| \varepsilon}{2}}{\pi} \int \limits_{t_\varepsilon}^\infty \frac{1}{\tau(s + \tau)} \, \mathrm{d} \tau = - \frac{\beta - \frac{|\beta| \varepsilon}{2}}{\pi s} \ln \left(1+\frac{s}{t_\varepsilon}\right)$$
and similarly we find 
$$ - \frac{1}{\pi} \int \limits_{t_\varepsilon}^\infty \frac{f(\tau)}{s + \tau} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \geq - \frac{\beta + \frac{|\beta| \varepsilon}{2}}{\pi s} \ln \left(1+\frac{s}{t_\varepsilon}\right) \, .$$
We can combine these results with equation $(2)$ to obtain
$$ \left|\frac{h(-s) + \frac{\beta \ln(s)}{\pi s}}{\frac{\beta \ln(s)}{\pi s}}\right| \leq  \frac{1}{\ln(s)} \left[ \frac{1}{\beta} \int \limits_0^{t_\varepsilon} |f(\tau)| \, \mathrm{d} \tau + \left|\ln\left(\frac{1}{s} + \frac{1}{t_\varepsilon}\right)\right| \right] + \frac{\varepsilon}{2} \frac{\left|\ln\left(1+\frac{s}{t_\varepsilon}\right)\right|}{\ln(s)} \, . $$
The first term vanishes as $s \to \infty$, so for $\varepsilon < 1$ we can choose $s$ large enough to make it smaller than $\frac{\varepsilon(1 - \varepsilon)}{2}$ . For sufficiently large $s$ the second term is smaller than $\frac{\varepsilon (1 + \varepsilon)}{2}$ and we get
$$ \lim_{s\to\infty} \left|\frac{h(-s) + \frac{\beta \ln(s)}{\pi s}}{\frac{\beta \ln(s)}{\pi s}}\right| \leq \frac{\varepsilon(1 - \varepsilon)}{2} + \frac{\varepsilon(1 + \varepsilon)}{2} = \varepsilon \, . $$
Since $\varepsilon > 0$ was arbitrary, we can let $\varepsilon \searrow 0$ to establish the asymptotic equivalence
$$ h_2 (-s) \sim - \frac{\beta \ln(s)}{\pi s} \, , \, s \to \infty \, . $$
The case $\alpha < 1$
We again take $\varepsilon > 0$ and use equation $(1)$ to find
\begin{align}
- \frac{1}{\pi} \int \limits_{t_\varepsilon}^\infty \frac{f(\tau)}{s + \tau} \, \mathrm{d} \tau &\leq - \frac{\beta - \frac{|\beta| \varepsilon}{2}}{\pi} \int \limits_{t_\varepsilon}^\infty \frac{1}{\tau^\alpha (s + \tau)} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \\
&= - \frac{\beta - \frac{|\beta| \varepsilon}{2}}{\pi} \left[\frac{\pi}{\sin(\pi \alpha) s^\alpha} - \int \limits_0^{t_\varepsilon} \frac{1}{\tau^\alpha (s + \tau)} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \right] \\
&= - \frac{\beta - \frac{|\beta| \varepsilon}{2}}{\sin(\pi \alpha) s^\alpha} \left[1 + \mathcal{O} \left(\frac{1}{s^{1-\alpha}}\right) \right]
\end{align}
and 
$$ - \frac{1}{\pi} \int \limits_{t_\varepsilon}^\infty \frac{f(\tau)}{s + \tau} \, \mathrm{d} \tau \geq - \frac{\beta + \frac{|\beta| \varepsilon}{2}}{\sin(\pi \alpha) s^\alpha} \left[1 + \mathcal{O} \left(\frac{1}{s^{1-\alpha}}\right) \right] \, . $$
We can now follow exactly the same steps as in case $\alpha = 1$ to show that
$$ h(-s) \sim - \frac{\beta}{\sin(\pi \alpha) s^\alpha} $$
holds as $s \to \infty$ .
Summary
We have
$$ h(t) \sim \begin{cases} 
- \frac{1}{\pi |t|} \int \limits_0^\infty f(\tau)\, \mathrm{d} \tau &, \, \alpha > 1 \\
- \frac{\beta \ln(|t|)}{\pi |t|} &, \,  \alpha = 1 \\
- \frac{\beta}{\sin(\pi \alpha) |t|^\alpha} &, \, \alpha < 1 \end{cases}
\, , \, t \to - \infty \, ,$$
which agrees with your conjecture.
