Allowing addition of ordinals in forcing I'm reading Paul Cohen's "The Discovery of Forcing", this is a question related to my previous question:
Why did Cohen require forcing to be such that no new ordinals are added in the process? Or, put differently: if we don't care and construct an extension $M[G]$ of a model $M$ of ZFC in such a way that there might be ordinals added, is the consequence that $M[G]$ does not satisfy ZFC? Thank you for your help.
 A: One of the key points of forcing is that you want to control "internally" the theory of the final model, so that starting from an (original) ground model $M$ you can predict what statements the resulting model $M'=M[G]$ will satisfy. 
A priori, it could well be that the resulting structure $M'$ we build is not even an end-extension of $M$, meaning that we could have, for example, new sets $c\in M'$ with $M'\models$"$c\in b$" for some $b\in M$. Or, it could be that $M'$ is no longer well-founded. Something like this would do the task of "predicting" $M'$'s theory unmanageable, since the key tool we use for this, absoluteness, would no longer be available.
This suggests that we want $M'$ to be an end-extension, and (Cohen's key insight) we want it to be "standard", that is, transitive. (By the time forcing appeared, we had a fair amount of model theoretic tools to produce new models from old ones, but none of these tools allow us to control the theory of the final model in any meaningful way, which is why we did not have proofs of the consistency of $\lnot \mathsf{CH}$ prior to Cohen, for example.)
But, if we were to add ordinals to $M'$, this would force $M'$ to be significantly larger than $M$: For example, if $\alpha=\mathsf{ORD}^M\in M'$, then $\beta=\alpha^{\alpha^{\alpha^{\dots}}}$ (ordinal exponentiation) would also have to be an element of $M'$. Actually, this ordinal, though immensely larger than $\alpha$, would dwarf when compared with $\mathsf{ORD}^{M'}$. For example, $M'$ would have a version of $\alpha^+$, which is much much larger than $\beta$ already, and it would have a version of fixed points of the aleph function above $\alpha^+$, and so on. 
In fact, $\mathsf{ORD}^{M'}$ would be unreachable from within $M$ in any practical sense, and we would have no means to predict the theory of $M'$ -- we wouldn't even have enough (definable) classes to use as names for the elements of $M'$!  
(There is a minor remark needed here: All this applies, even if the resulting $M'$ is still countable, because, from within $M$, there are no enumerations of $M$ itself, much less of $M'$.)
An interesting direction in the model theory of set theory prior to Cohen was the study of chains of end-extensions; there are some classical nice results by Keisler, Morley, and others, and more recent work by Villaveces, and Hamkins, for example. Prior to Cohen, it was expected that an end-extension $M'$ of $M$ would in fact not add any sets of rank below $\alpha$, so it was expected $M'$ would be much larger than $M$, as explained above. Typical work on chains of end-extensions asks for $M'$ to be an elementary superstructure of $M$. This is certainly useless if our goal is to show relative consistency results, as $M'$ has the same theory as that of $M$. On the other hand, this setting is not completely superseded by forcing, since it is useful in the study of large cardinals of intermediate size, such as weakly compact cardinals. 
(A digression: It is an interesting question whether we can show the existence of "many" transitive models by means other than forcing, but I do not know of any methods to achieve this. See this MO question.)
Let me close by saying that, if we take the idea that we want $M'$ to be transitive seriously, then we really ought to look for ways of achieving this while not adding any ordinals. For example, it could be that in our universe there is exactly one ordinal $\alpha$ such that there are transitive models $M$ of set theory of height $\alpha$. But then, short of making $M'$ have the size of the whole universe, there are not many other options. Of course, typically, we are in situations where we have plenty of ordinals $\alpha$ that are the height of a model of set theory, but we still want forcing to be a fairly local operation, so that if $M\in N$ are models, with $N\models$"$M$ is countable", then in $N'$ there are forcing extensions $M'$ of $M$. But then this will again force us to have $M'$ of the same height as $M$, as we could take $N$ to be of least possible height containing $M$ as an element. 
The other extreme is that we argue in the language of Boolean-valued models, and consider "virtual" forcing extensions of the whole universe, instead of talking of countable transitive models. Trying to formalize the required setting, so that we can in $V$ talk about virtual larger ordinals, is quite involved. I do not know of much serious work here. Reinhardt had some proposals, in terms of strong elementary embeddings, but I haven't seen any work that would make this setting feasible for a theory that would replace forcing. 
