In trig substitutions, why favor $\sin$, $\tan$, $\sec$, $\sinh$, $\cosh$, $\tanh$ over $\cos$, $\cot$, $\csc$, etc?

Question

Exemplified by this question and its comment, there seems to be a near-universal preference for the substitutions $\sin(\theta)$, $\tan(\theta)$, $\sec(\theta)$, $\sinh(\theta)$, $\cosh(\theta)$, and $\tanh(\theta)$ as opposed to $\cos(\theta)$, $\csc(\theta)$, $\cot(\theta)$, $\mathrm{sech}(\theta)$, $\mathrm{csch}(\theta)$, or $\tanh(\theta)$.

Why the preference of one half dozen over the other, and why is there an asymmetry between the specific trig functions and the specific hyperbolic functions that are preferred (I am not asking about the general difference between the two categories, as asked in the linked question, but why, i.e., $\sec(\theta)$ is privileged over $\mathrm{sech}(\theta)$)? Finally, is it viable to use any of the more exotic trig functions or their hyperbolic counterparts, or even an inverse trig/hyberbolic function for such a substitution?

Answer 1

Say I evaluate $\int_0^1\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$; the advantage of $x=\sin\theta$ over $x=\cos\theta$ is it's order-preserving. That doesn't sound like much, but order-reversing substitutions can often trip people up with more complicated problems. The same logic explains using $\tan\theta$ over $\csc\theta$ etc.

The Gudermannian function $\operatorname{gd}(x)$ defined by $\tan\frac{1}{2}\operatorname{gd}x=\tanh\frac{x}{2}$ implies a number of connections between circular and hyperbolic functions, e.g. $\sin\operatorname{gd}x=\tanh x$. This explains some of the observed flexibility in substitutions; for example, with the above integral I could have instead used $x=\tanh t$. As you'll see if you try that one, you get a much harder problem than with $x=\sin\theta$ - the kind of problem, in fact, that furthers understanding of the Gudermannian.

There are times a hyperbolic substitution is worthwhile, e.g. $x=\sinh t$ to compute $\int\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}=\int dt=\operatorname{arsinh}x+C$. Or to take a less obvious example, $\int\sqrt{1+x^2}dx$ is probably easier with $x=\sinh t$ than $x=\tan\theta$, since everyone knows how to integrate $\cosh^2 t$, whereas $\sec^3\theta$ is so tricky it gets its own Wikipedia article.