# Scalar extension in polynomial ring

Let $A$ be a commutative ring, $x$ an indeterminate over $A$, $B$ be a commutative, associative and unital $A$-algebra.

It's $B\otimes_AA[x]\cong B[x]$ a polynomial algebra over $B$ in $x$?

• $A\to B$ is a ring localization as shown here.
• $A\to B$ is surjective as shown here.

My attempt for the general case. Let $B\to B\otimes_AA[x]$ be the canonical ring homomorphism. Let $C$ be a $B$-algebra and $c\in C$. There exists one and only one $A$-algebra homomorphism \begin{align} &A[x]\to C& &p\mapsto p(c) \end{align} The composition $B\otimes_AA[x]\to B\otimes_A C$ with the canonical $B\otimes_AC\to C$ gives the ring homomorphism \begin{align} &\varphi:B\otimes_AA[x]\to C& &b\otimes p\mapsto bp(c) \end{align} which makes the following diagram commutative

and sends $1\otimes x\mapsto c$.

Conversely, let $\varphi:B\otimes_AA[x]\to C$ be a ring homomorphism making the diagram commutative and sending $1\otimes x\mapsto c$. By composing with the canonical ring homomorphism $A[x]\to B\otimes_AA[x]$ we get $\varphi(1\otimes p)=p(c)$, while by composing with the canonical $B\to B\otimes_AA[x]$ we get $\varphi(b\otimes 1)=b1_C$. Consequently, \begin{align} \varphi(b\otimes p) &=\varphi(b\otimes 1)\varphi(1\otimes p)\\ &=bp(c) \end{align} thus proving uniqueness.

Other proof by abstract nonsense are appreciated.

Since $B$ is an $A$-algebra, you have a ring homomorphism $f:A\to B$, and this induces a functor $f^*:B-\mathbf{Alg}\to A-\mathbf{Alg}$, the restriction of scalars, that takes a $B$-algebra $K$ to $K$, with the same abelian group structure but scalar multiplication defined by $$a\cdot_A k=f(a)\cdot_B k$$ for all $k\in K$.
If we denote $U_A:A-\mathbf{Alg}\to \mathbf{Set}$ and $U_B:B-\mathbf{Alg}\to \mathbf{Set}$ the forgetful functors, then we have $U_A\circ f^*=U_B$.
Now the forgetful functors have left adjoints $F_A\dashv U_A$, $F_B\dashv U_B$, which are precisely the "polynomial algebra" functors; and moreover the functor $(B\otimes_A\_) : L\mapsto B\otimes_AL$ is the left adjoint to $f^*$. Then the composition of two left adjoints is left adjoint to the composition of their right adjoints, i.e. $(B\otimes_A \_)\circ F_A \dashv U_A\circ f^*=U_B$; and since adjoints are unique up to isomorphism this implies $(B\otimes_A \_)\circ F_A\simeq F_B$. In particular, $$B\otimes_A A[x]=B\otimes F_A(\{\ast\})\simeq F_B(\{\ast\})=B[x].$$