What's the connection between $\theta$ series and the number of integer solutions on a curve? Proof Verification I just started learning about theta series and am now flexing my muscles. I hope that everything looks good. This is a request for a proof verification. I am asking for what the proper name in the literature would be for $\mu$ defined below. 
For a variable $q$ with an absolute value less than 1 we can define the absolutely convergent series.
$$\mu_b(q)=\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}}{q^{|k|^b}} $$
This is a generalization of $\theta_3(q)=\mu_2(q)$. This would be equation $(33)$ in the link above. I am not sure what $\mu_b$ is referred to as in the literature. I suspect there is a better expression for this.
Let $\vec{a}, \vec{b}$ be tuples of $m$ positive integers $(a_1,\dots, a_m), (b_1,\dots,b_m)$ respectively. And we let $\phi_{\vec{a}}(n)$ denote the number of integer solutions to $$\sum_{i=1}^m a_i |x_i|^{b_i}=n$$. 
Claim 
$$\sum_{n=0}^\infty \phi_\vec{a}(n)q^n=\prod_{i=1}^m{\mu_{b_i}(q^{a_i})}$$
Proof
Starting with the RHS we need to expand the product of $m$ different doubly infinite series. We can think of this product as an $m$-dimensional array where we need to sum over $\mathbb{Z^m}$. We arrive at 
$$\sum_{\vec{x}\in \mathbb{Z^m}}q^{\sum{a_i|x_i|^{b_i}}}$$
But then we need to traverse this summation somehow. For each $n\in \mathbb{N}$ we will collect the $\phi_\vec{a}(n)$ instances where $\sum_{i=1}^m a_i |x_i|^{b_i}=n$, so we arrive at the LHS. 
Honestly, I think that's all that must be said for the proof but I will write it out like this: 
$$\prod_{i=1}^m{\mu_{b_i}(q^{a_i})}= \prod_{i=1}^m{\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}}{q^{a_i|k|^{b_i}}}} = \sum_{\vec{x}\in \mathbb{Z^m}}q^{\sum{a_i|x_i|^{b_i}}}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\sum_{\sum{a_i|x_i|^{b_i}}=n}{q^{\sum{a_i|x_i|^{b_i}}}}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty{ \phi_\vec{a}(n)q^{n}}$$ 
Equality 1) Definition of $\mu_{b}$
Equality 2) Multiplying $m$ doubly infinite series will give us an $m$ dimensional array. Also we use $q^Aq^B=q^{A+B}$
Equality 3) The plan for traversing this infinite sum is to start at the middle of the array and work outward. We need to be confident that we hit every single $\vec{x}\in \mathbb{Z^m}$ but this is really the same as asking if for every $\vec{x} \in \mathbb{Z^m}$ there is some $n\in \mathbb{N}$ such that $\sum_{i=1}^m a_i |x_i|^{b_i}=n$. But this boils down to closure of the natural numbers under $+$ and $\times$. 
Equality 4) This is the definition of $\phi_\vec{a}(n)$.
$\square$
Questions.
1) Does everything look ok? 
2) Is there a better name for $\mu_b$?
Comments/Consequence of the proof above.
If you ever spent your afternoon pondering why this OEIS sequence is entitled "Coefficients in expansion of $\theta_3(q) \times \theta_3(q^{15})$ in powers of $q$." even though it's much more intuitive to think of it as the number of integer solutions to $x^2+15y^2=n$ then you should know: Those are the same thing. 
Motivations
I wrote this first and then realized I could generalize. 
 A: To address your questions and comments. First, your equating of the sum and product is standard and there are very many examples similar to it. Second, there is no standard name for $\, \mu_b \,$ that I know of. In the case that $\,b\,$ is odd, there is a complication that requires the use of $\, |k|^b \,$ instead of $\, k^b \,$ for convergence reasons.
For example, if $\, b=1 \,$ then $\, \sum_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} q^k \,$ is never convergent.
However, $\, \mu_1(q) = (1+q) / (1-q) \,$ if $\, |q|<1. \,$ It is usually unnatural
 to ask for the number of integer solutions to, for one example, 
 $\, |x| + 2|y| + 3|z| = |n| \,$ although this is
 OEIS sequence A053799.
As for the OEIS sequence A260671 which you mentioned, it is
just one of many similar sequences that are the coeffcients of functions expressed in
terms of Elliptic amd related functions. Some of them have negative coefficients and because
of this have no direct interpretation as enumerating solutions of Diophantine equations.
In those cases where the coefficients are non-negative often no such interpretation is known to the author of the sequence, or else they forgot to mention it.
I do agree that if an interpretation of a sequence in terms of solutions to Diophanthine equations is known, then it should be entered in OEIS eventually. Thanks to your question, I have just entered another such interpretation for
OEIS sequence A028625 which is directly related to my A260671. 
