# Finding a better approximation to a prime number relation

The basis of this problem, and that which allows for the approximations to be made here, can be summarised in one approximation:

$$\Biggl(\frac{n^k -{\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{k-1}\gcd({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{k-1},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} \Bigr\rfloor)}{n^k -{\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}\gcd({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} \Bigr\rfloor)}\Biggr)^{\frac{1}{k}} \approx 1\quad\forall n,k \in \mathbb N\backslash {\{1}\}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(A0)$$

$$\frac{\Bigl\lfloor \bigl(n^k -{\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{k-1}\gcd({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{k-1},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} \Bigr\rfloor)\bigr)^{\frac{1}{k}}\Bigr\rfloor }{\Bigl\lfloor \bigl(n^k -{\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}\gcd({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} \Bigr\rfloor)\bigr)^{\frac{1}{k}}\Bigr\rfloor} =1\quad\forall n,k \in \mathbb N\backslash {\{1}\}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(A1)$$

$${\gcd\Bigl({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^k}{n^k} \Bigr\rfloor\Bigr)}\quad \Biggl|\quad \gcd\Bigl({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{k-1},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} \Bigr\rfloor\Bigr)$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(A2)$$

Defining the above ratio as varsigma: $$\varsigma_{n,k}= \frac{{{\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{k-1}\gcd\Bigl({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{k-1},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} \Bigr\rfloor\Bigr)} }{{\gcd\Bigl({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^k}{n^k} \Bigr\rfloor\Bigr)}}$$

We have the following:

$$n \lt 2^k \Rightarrow \varsigma_{n,k}=1$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(A3)$$

$$\varsigma_{n,k}$$ is a perfect power $$\forall n,k \in \mathbb N\, \backslash \,{\{1}\}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(A4)$$

To generalize:

$$\varsigma_{n,k,i,j}= \frac{{{\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{j-1}\gcd\Bigl({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{j},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{\,\,j}}{n^{\,j}} \Bigr\rfloor\Bigr)} }{{\gcd\Bigl({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor^{\,i}},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{\,i}}{n^{\,i}} \Bigr\rfloor\Bigr)}}$$

provided that $$j \geq i$$,we have:

$$m^k \leq n \lt (m+1)^k \Rightarrow \varsigma_{n,k,i,j} \in {\{m^N:N \in {\{1,2,3,...,k}\}}\}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(A5)$$

reducing the above by setting $$i=j$$: $$\varsigma_{n,k,j}= \lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor^{j-1}$$

$$m^k \leq n \lt (m+1)^k \Rightarrow \varsigma_{n,k,j}=m^{j-1}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(A6)$$

The maximum value of the integer remainder of the division of $$n^k+m$$ by $$\gcd(\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{\, a}}{n^{\,b}} \Bigr\rfloor,n^c)$$ is equal to $$m$$, when $$a \gt 1$$, $$b \gt 1$$ and $$1 \leq c \leq k$$.

This stated in inequalities:

$$a \gt 1\land b \gt 1 \land 1 \leq c \leq k \Rightarrow -m \leq n^k-\Biggl\lfloor\frac{n^k+m}{\gcd(\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{\, a}}{n^{\,b}} \Bigr\rfloor,n^c)}\Biggr\rfloor\gcd\Biggl(\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{\, a}}{n^{\,b}} \Bigr\rfloor,n^c\Biggr) \leq 0$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(A7)$$

So the question I am now asking, for that fun person that wants to close this page, is how do I establish a proof for (A5) and (A7) that will be rigorous and indisputable?

note that for now, I will leave the lemma as the restriction

$${\{a,b}\} \subset \mathbb N \land c \in {\{1,2,3,...,k}\} \Rightarrow n^k+m-\Biggl\lfloor\frac{n^k+m}{\gcd(\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{\, a}}{n^{\,b}} \Bigr\rfloor,n^c)}\Biggr\rfloor\gcd\Biggl(\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{\, a}}{n^{\,b}} \Bigr\rfloor,n^c\Biggr) \in {\{0,1,2,...,m}\}$$

But there most definitely exists congruence relations that have dependence in $$(n,k)$$ that allow us to reduce this condition to a specific subset of the least residue system modulo $$m+1$$ stated on the righthand side of the implicative arrow.

I apologize a lot if making another edit here again cause the website to spiral into chaotic unrest somehow, but the following lemma pertaining to the residues of the floor function of natural numbers raised to unit fraction exponents (as we see playing one of the most significant role in the original formula I found and stated in this discussion page), is very significant to the context as previously stated:

$$y \in{\{j \in \mathbb N : j=k^m+1 \land m \in\mathbb N\backslash {\{1}\} \land k \in\mathbb N }\}\Rightarrow \not\exists\, n \in \mathbb N \backslash {\{1}\}:\lfloor y^{\frac{1}{m}}\rfloor^{m}\equiv y (\operatorname{mod}n)$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(\operatorname{Residue000})$$

Attempting to simplify the above:

$$\exists\,\\ m \in \mathbb N \backslash {\{1}\}\,\,: (y-1)^{\frac{1}{m}}\equiv 0 (\operatorname{mod}1)\Rightarrow \not\exists\, n \in \mathbb N \backslash {\{1}\}:\lfloor y^{\frac{1}{m}}\rfloor^{m}\equiv y (\operatorname{mod}n)$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(\operatorname{Residue001})$$

Yesterday I noticed quite a strong fit for the approximation: $$\vartheta _{{n}}=\min\Biggl(\mathcal D\Bigl(n\cdot\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n}{n} \Bigr\rfloor\Bigr) \backslash {\{1}\}\Biggr)$$ $$n-\gcd(\bigl\lfloor \sqrt {n} \bigr\rfloor ,\vartheta _{{n}})) \approx A \cdot (n-1) +B$$

where $$A \approx 1$$ and $$B \approx -1/2$$ and $$\mathcal D(n)$$ denote the set of all divisors of $$n$$, $$p_n$$ is the $$n^{th}$$ prime.

$$\sqrt{\bigl( n^{2}-\bigl\lfloor \sqrt {n} \bigr\rfloor\cdot\gcd(\bigl\lfloor \sqrt {n} \bigr\rfloor ,\vartheta _{{n}})\bigr)}\sim n$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R1)$$

$$\sqrt{\bigl( n-\gcd(n ,\vartheta _{{n}})\bigr)}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\sim \sqrt{n}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R2)$$

$$\sqrt{{n}^{2}-\max \left( \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor ,n \right) \min \left( \gcd \left( \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor,\vartheta_n \right) ,\gcd \left( n,\vartheta_n \right) \right) }+1+\delta_{{n}}\sim n$$

Where $$\delta_n \in {\{-\frac{1}{2},0,\frac{1}{2}}\}$$ is a discrete function for which I am unable to determine as yet. $$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R3)$$

So I guess the best idea now would be for me to find either a value on $$\mathbb N$$ that satisfies neither of the following equalities: $$n- \Biggl(\Bigl\lfloor\sqrt {{n}^{2}- \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor \cdot \gcd \left( \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor ,\vartheta_n \right) } \Bigr\rfloor+1\Biggr) = 0$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R4)$$

$$n-\Biggl(\Bigl\lfloor \sqrt{{n}^{2}-\min \left( \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor ,n \right)\cdot\min\left(\gcd ( \lfloor \sqrt{n}\rfloor,\vartheta_n) ,\gcd ( n,\vartheta_n) \right) }\Bigr\rfloor +1\Biggr) = 0$$ $$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R5)$$

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Defining a generalisation of vartheta: $$\vartheta _{{n,k}}=\min\Biggl(\mathcal D\Bigl(n^{k}\cdot\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} \Bigr\rfloor\Bigr)\, \backslash\, {\{1}\}\Biggr)$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R6)$$

Will allow for the following asymptotic relation as we would intuitively expect from the nature of the generalisation and the nature of $$(R2)$$: $$(n^k -\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor\gcd(\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor,\vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{\frac{1}{k}} \sim n \quad \forall k \in \mathbb N\backslash {\{1}\}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R7)$$

Which is based on the following equalities:

$$\lfloor (n^k -\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor\gcd(\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor,\vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor+1=n\quad \forall k \in \mathbb N\backslash {\{1}\}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R8)$$

$$\lfloor (n^k -\gcd(\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor,\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} \Bigr\rfloor))^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor+1=n\quad \forall k \in \mathbb N\backslash {\{1}\}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R9)$$

$$\lfloor (n^k -{\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{k-1}\gcd({\lfloor n^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor}^{k-1},\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} \Bigr\rfloor))^{\frac{1}{k}} \rfloor+1=n\quad \forall k \in \mathbb N\backslash {\{1}\}$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R10)$$

$$n^k-\Biggl\lfloor \frac{n^k}{\gcd\Bigl(\Bigl\lfloor \frac{p_n^{k}}{n^k}\Bigr\rfloor,n^k\Bigr)} \Biggr\rfloor \gcd\Bigl(\Bigl\lfloor\frac{p_n^{k}}{n^k}\Bigr\rfloor,n^k\Bigr)=0\quad\quad\forall n,k \in \mathbb N$$

$$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad(R11)$$

• We can slightly simplify the left side to $$n-\gcd(\lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor,q)$$ where $q$ is the smallest prime factor of $$n\cdot \lfloor \frac{p_n}{n} \rfloor$$ – Peter Jun 10 '18 at 8:28
• Further we can conclude that the left side is either $n-1$ or $n-q$ – Peter Jun 10 '18 at 8:30
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function shows, among other things, the (proven) bounds from Pierre Dusart. – Peter Jun 10 '18 at 10:21
• Your goal is to construct a formula that avoids brute force calculation. If not, you do not need the formula and can calculate the values directly. "Predictible" means that a program can get the correct answer much faster and always correct and needs no cumbersome calculations. – Peter Jun 10 '18 at 15:52
• You have two chunks of text, both labeled "final edit and summary". I don't know which final edit and summary is the final final edit and summary. At the end of the top final edit and summary, you ask, "how do I establish a proof that will be rigorous and indisputable?" But it is not clear what you want to prove. There's nothing anywhere labeled "Theorem", or "Conjecture", just a multitude of equations and formulas. I'm very tempted to vote to close as "unclear what you are asking". – Gerry Myerson Nov 14 '18 at 3:42