# Invariant subgroup in a Hermitian self-conjugate pair multiplication in Unitary Group $U(3)$

Inspired by @ChoF's exploration, I like to post a similar but possibly richer structure related to the decompositions of $U(3)$ or $SU(3)$ representation multiplications $3 \otimes \bar 3 = 1 \oplus 8.$

3 is in the fundamental and 8 is in the adjoint representation of $SU(3)$. Below I modify and preserve the structure of questions from (Invariant subgroup in a self-conjugate pair multiplication in Unitary Group $U(3)$)

Let $$G=U(3),$$ be the unitary group. Here we consider $G$ in terms of the fundamental representation of U(3). Namely, all of $g \in G$ can be written as a rank-3 (3 by 3) matrices. Now we take a set of $P$ matrices from Gell-Mann matrices and generalized Pauli matrices. And all $P$ matrices are Hermitian.

Can we find some subgroup of Lie group, $$k \in K \subset G= U(3)$$ such that

$$k^\dagger \{\pm P_1, \pm P_2,\pm P_3,\pm P_4,\pm P_5, \pm P_6, \pm P_7, \pm P_8, \pm P_9 \} k$$ $$=\{\pm P_1, \pm P_2,\pm P_3,\pm P_4,\pm P_5, \pm P_6, \pm P_7, \pm P_8, \pm P_9\}.$$ This means that the full set $\{\pm P_1, \pm P_2,\pm P_3,\pm P_4,\pm P_5, \pm P_6, \pm P_7, \pm P_8, \pm P_9\}$ is invariant under the transformation by $k$. Here $$k^\dagger \equiv (k^*)^T$$ is the complex conjugate ($*$) transpose ($T$) of $k$. What is the full subset (or subgroup) of $K \subset G$?

Here we define: $$P_1 = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right),\;\;\;\; P_2 = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & -i & 0 \\ i & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right),\;\;\;\; P_3 = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right)$$ $$P_4 = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right),\;\;\;\; P_5 = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 0 & -i \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ i & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right),\;\;\;\; P_6 = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -1 \\ \end{array} \right)$$ $$P_7 = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right),\;\;\;\; P_8 = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -i \\ 0 & i & 0 \\ \end{array} \right),\;\;\;\; P_9 = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -1 \\ \end{array} \right).$$

This means that $$k^\dagger P_a k= \pm P_b$$ which may transform $a$ to a different value $b$, where $a,b \in \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 \}$. But overall the full set $\{\pm P_1, \pm P_2,\pm P_3,\pm P_4,\pm P_5, \pm P_6, \pm P_7, \pm P_8, \pm P_9 \}$ is invariant under the transformation by $k$.

Please determine the complete $K$.

p.s. I modify the Gell-Mann matrices to a most symmetric form in accordance.

The nine matrices $P_i$ can be divided into three sets: $$\mathcal P_1=\{\pm P_1,\pm P_2,\pm P_3\}, \quad \mathcal P_2=\{\pm P_4,\pm P_5,\pm P_6\}, \quad \mathcal P_3=\{\pm P_7,\pm P_8,\pm P_9\}.$$

According to the transformation $k^\dagger\mathcal P_i k$, we have 6 cases as follows:

1. (All fixed) If $\mathcal P_1\leftrightarrow\mathcal P_1$, $\mathcal P_2\leftrightarrow\mathcal P_2$, $\mathcal P_3\leftrightarrow\mathcal P_3$, then we have $$k = \begin{pmatrix} \alpha & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \beta & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \gamma \end{pmatrix} \in U(1)\times U(1)\times U(1)$$

2. ($\mathcal P_1$ fixed) If $\mathcal P_1\leftrightarrow\mathcal P_1$, $\mathcal P_2\leftrightarrow\mathcal P_3$, then we have $$k = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \alpha & 0 \\ \beta & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \gamma \end{pmatrix} \in U(1)\times U(1)\times U(1)$$

3. ($\mathcal P_2$ fixed) If $\mathcal P_2\leftrightarrow\mathcal P_2$, $\mathcal P_1\leftrightarrow\mathcal P_3$, then we have $$k = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & \alpha \\ 0 & \beta & 0 \\ \gamma & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \in U(1)\times U(1)\times U(1)$$

4. ($\mathcal P_3$ fixed) If $\mathcal P_3\leftrightarrow\mathcal P_3$, $\mathcal P_1\leftrightarrow\mathcal P_2$, then we have $$k = \begin{pmatrix} \alpha & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \beta \\ 0 & \gamma & 0 \end{pmatrix} \in U(1)\times U(1)\times U(1)$$

5. (No fixed) If $\mathcal P_1\rightarrow\mathcal P_2\rightarrow\mathcal P_3\rightarrow\mathcal P_1$, then we have $$k = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & \alpha \\ \beta & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \gamma & 0 \end{pmatrix} \in U(1)\times U(1)\times U(1)$$

6. (No fixed) If $\mathcal P_1\rightarrow\mathcal P_3\rightarrow\mathcal P_2\rightarrow\mathcal P_1$, then we have $$k = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \alpha & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \beta \\ \gamma & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \in U(1)\times U(1)\times U(1)$$

For all six cases, $\alpha,\beta,\gamma\in U(1)$ must satisfy $$(\alpha=\pm\gamma \text{ or} \pm i\gamma) \quad\text{and}\quad (\beta=\pm\gamma \text{ or} \pm i\gamma)$$

Answer. The invariant subgroup $K$ of $U(3)$ is isomorphic to the infinite group $$(U(1) \times \mathbb{Z}_4\times\mathbb{Z}_4) \rtimes_\varphi S_3$$

Note. The answer is quite related to the previous one.