How to find all irreducible elements in $\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{2}]$ I am trying to find all irreducible elements in $\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{2}]$. So, all the elements of the form $(2bd+ac)+(bc+ad)\sqrt{2}$ such that either $(a+b\sqrt{2})$ or $(c+d\sqrt{2})$ is a unit.
I know all the units in this ring 
( $U(\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{2}]) = \{(1+\sqrt{2})^n | n \in \mathbb{N}\}$). So I suppose one thing I can do is just plug in a unit I know (e.g. $(1+\sqrt{2})$ or $(3+2\sqrt{2})$ and just know that any element of the form $(4d+3c+(2c+3d)\sqrt{2})$ where $c,d$ are integers is an irreducible (as long as it is not a unit itself, and of course we would get rid of all the ones that were associates of each other). Seems quite long-winded and inefficient, though.
I'm still not seeing a pattern though for how I can find all the irreducible elements. Can someone help?
 A: The intersection of the ideal generated by an irreducible element with $\mathbf Z$ is the ideal generated by a prime $p$. Hence you have to find what happens to primes in the ring of algebraic integers $\mathbf Z[\sqrt2]$.
You have two cases for an odd $p\mkern1mu$:


*

*$p$ is inert if $2$ is a non-quadratic residue mod. $p$. By the second supplementary law of quadratic reciprocity, if $p\equiv \pm 3\mod 8$.

*$p$ is decomposed into the product of two conjugate irreducible elements. This happens if $p\equiv \pm 1\mod 8$.  


As to $2$, $\sqrt 2$ is obviously irreducible and we have $2=(\sqrt 2)^2$ (one says $2$ is ramified).
These irreducible elements are unique within a unit factor, so there remains to find the units in this ring. For this,  one know $m+n\sqrt2$ is a unit if and only if $N(m+n\sqrt2)=m^2-2n^2=\pm 1$. So you have solve this Pell-Fermat equation. The general result is that the group of units is infinite, isomorphic to the (additive) group $\;\mathbf Z/2\mathbf Z\times \mathbf Z$.
A: The definition of irreducibility is that if $a=bc$ then either $b$ or $c$ is a unit.
Now going by that, in $\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{2}]$, an element is irreducible if $a+b\sqrt{2} = (a'+b'\sqrt2)(a''+b''\sqrt2)$ implies either $a'+b'\sqrt2 = 1$ or $a''+b''\sqrt2 =1$
