I explain better the construction of "vanishing scheme of a homogeneous element $f\in S_{+}$ in $\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}$".
The numeration of citations is refered to Vakil's FOAG November 18th 2017 version.
One knows that the sets $D_{+}(f)$ (defined by exercises 4.5.E and 4.5.F, where $f\in S_{+}$) are open subsets of $\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}$, which determine a base for the Zariski topology of $\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}$ (exercise 4.5.G). In particular one has
\begin{equation}
\forall f,g\in S_{+},\,D_{+}(fg)=D_{+}(f)\cap D_{+}(g),V_{+}(f)=\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}\setminus D_{+}(f);
\end{equation}
since by hypothesis, $S_{\bullet}$ is a $\mathbb{Z}_{\geq0}$-graded ring genetared by $S_1$ as $S_0$-algebra, one has:
\begin{gather}
\forall g\in S_{+},\,g=\sum_{I\in\left(\mathbb{N}_{\geq0}\right)^n,}\lambda_If_I^{a_I},\,
\text{where:}\,n=\deg g,\,a_{i_k}\in\mathbb{N}_{\geq0},\,\lambda_I\in S_0,\,f_{i_k}\in S_1,\\
|a_I|=a_{i_1}+\dots+a_{i_n}=n,f_I^{a_I}=f_{i_1}^{a_1}\cdot\dots f_{i_n}^{a_n},\,\lambda_I=0\,\text{for almost all multi-indexes}\,I,
\end{gather}
it is a good idea to understand what $V_{+}(f)$ is when $f\in S_1$!
By exercises 4.5.E.(a), 4.5.F and 4.5.J
\begin{equation}
\forall f\in S_1,\,D_{+}(f)=\{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}\mid f\notin\mathfrak{p}\}\cong\operatorname{Spec}((S_{\bullet})_f)_0\leftrightarrow\left\{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{Spec}S_{\bullet}\mid\mathfrak{p}\,\text{is homogeneous,}\,S_{+}\not\subseteq\mathfrak{p},\,f\notin\mathfrak{p}(S_{\bullet})_f\cap((S_{\bullet})_f)_0\right\},
\end{equation}
where: the isomorphism $\cong$ is in the category $\mathbf{Sch}$ of schemes; $\leftrightarrow$ indicates a bijection of sets.
Remark 1. Easily one proves that:
\begin{equation}
\forall n\in\mathbb{N}_{\geq2},f\in S_1,\,D_{+}(f)=D_{+}(f^n)
\end{equation}
as sets, moreover they are the same scheme (see for example Bosch - Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra, Lemma 9.1.7).
Proof of Remark 1.
In other words (cfr. exercises 4.5.L and 4.5.M):
\begin{equation}
\forall f\in S_1,\,\mathcal{O}_{\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}}(D_{+}(f))=((S_{\bullet})_f)_0
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\forall f\in S_1,\,D_{+}(f)=\{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}\mid[f]\in\left(\mathcal{O}_{\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet},\mathfrak{p}}\right)^{\times}\};
\end{equation}
from all this, it turns out that
\begin{equation}
\forall f\in S_1,\,V_{+}(f)=\{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}\mid[f]\notin\left(\mathcal{O}_{\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet},\mathfrak{p}}\right)^{\times}\}=\{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}\mid f\in\mathfrak{p}\}
\end{equation}
in according to previous definition of $V_{+}(\cdot)$.
Because previous reasoning does not depend by degree of $f$, one has:
\begin{equation}
\forall f\in S_{+},\,V_{+}(f)=\{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}\mid[f]\notin\left(\mathcal{O}_{\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet},\mathfrak{p}}\right)^{\times}\}=\left\{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}\mid\mathcal{O}_{\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet},\mathfrak{p}\displaystyle/f\mathcal{O}_{\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet},\mathfrak{p}}}\neq0\right\}=\operatorname{Supp}\mathcal{O}_{\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}\displaystyle/f\mathcal{O}_{\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}}}!
\end{equation}
Remark 2.
- Until this point, $V_{+}(f)$ is the vanishing set of the homogeneous element $f$ of $S_{\bullet}$, and it is closed in $\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}$.
- This idea comes from exercises 2.7.F and 3.4.I.(a).
Let $g\in S_{+}$ and let $\{f_a\in S_1\}_{a\in A}$ such that:
\begin{equation}
V_{+}(g)\subseteq\bigcup_{a\in A}D_{+}(f_a);
\end{equation}
let
\begin{equation}
\forall a\in A,\,\mathcal{O}_{V_{+}(g)|D_{+}(f_a)}=\widetilde{((S_{\bullet})_{f_a})_{0\displaystyle/g(S_{\bullet})_{f_a}\cap((S_{\bullet})_{f_a})_0}}
\end{equation}
that is $\mathcal{O}_{V_{+}(g)|D_{+}(f_a)}$ is the $\mathcal{O}_{\operatorname{Spec}((S_{\bullet})_{f_a})_0}$-module associated to $((S_{\bullet})_{f_a})_0$-quotient module of base ring over the ideal generated by $0$-degree part of $g$ in this ring as well (see exercise 4.1.D); by exercise 4.5.K: these sheaves can be glue together (cfr. exercises 2.5.D and 4.4.A) in a sheaf $\mathcal{O}_{V_{+}(g)}$ of rings; in other words, $V_{+}(g)$ is a scheme!
Moreover, via this construction the following statement holds:
Let $S_{\bullet}$ be a $\mathbb{Z}_{\geq0}$-graded ring, which is generated as $S_0$-algebra by $S_1$, let $f\in S_{+}$ and let $V_{+}(f)$ the vanishing scheme of $f$ in $\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}$ constructed as showed. For any point $x\in V_{+}(f)$ there exists an affine open neighbourhood $U=\operatorname{Spec}R$ of $x$ in $\operatorname{Proj}S_{\bullet}$ such that $V_{+}(f)\cap U$ is a closed subscheme of $U$; that is, there exists an ideal $I$ of $R$ such that $V_{+}(f)\cap U\cong\operatorname{Spec}R_{\displaystyle/I}$ (affine local property on target of closed subschemes, cfr. definition 7.1.2).
