# integral of continuous function over [0,1] is equal to some upper bound of the function implies function is constant

This is a small real analysis problem that is a part of another problem I'm tackling, and I strongly believe that the following claim is true, but for some reason I'm unable to prove this using elementary real analysis. Could I please get some hints/advice? I don't think it's hard.

Say $f$ is a continuous real-valued function on $[0,1]$, and $c$ is some upper bound on the function $f$ on $[0,1]$. Also say that $\int_0^1 f(x) dx = c$. Then surely $f$ is equal to $c$ on all of $[0,1]$. Could I please get some help in proving this elementary fact that I believe is true?

Hint. Show that if $g(x):=c-f(x)$ is a non-negative continuous function in $[0,1]$ and $$\int_0^1 g(x) dx = 0$$ then $g$ is identically zero. Assume by contradiction that $g(x_0)>0$ for some $x_0\in [0,1]$ and use the continuity of $g$ at $x_0$.

So $\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1}(c-f(x))dx=0$, but $c-f(x)\geq 0$, if $c-f(x_{0})>0$ for some $x_{0}\in[0,1]$, then for a small open interval $I$ of $x_{0}$, $c-f(x)>\dfrac{1}{2}(c-f(x_{0}))$ and hence the integral is then $\geq\dfrac{1}{2}(c-f(x_{0}))|I|>0$, a contradiction.

Assume,

$f$ continuos on $[0,1]$, $c$ is an upper bound.

$I := \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} f(x)dx=c.$

By MVT for definite integrals:

$I = f(t)\cdot 1 = c$, where $t \in [0,1].$

$\rightarrow:$

$c$ is the maximum of the function in the interval.

$F(x): = f(x) - c \le 0$, $x \in [0,1]$, $\\$ $F$ continuous

1)$F(x) = 0$ , $x \in [0,1]$ , we are done.

2)$F(x) \lt 0$ for a $x_0 \in [0,1]$.

Since continuos there is a $\epsilon$ neighbourhood $B_\epsilon(x_0)$ such that $F(x) \lt 0$ for $x \in B_\epsilon(x_0).$

$I = \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1}F(x)dx =$

$\displaystyle \int_{0}^{x_0 -\epsilon}F(x)dx +\displaystyle \int_{x_0 +\epsilon}^{1}F(x)dx +$

$\int_{x_0 -\epsilon}^{x_0+\epsilon}F(x)dx \lt c.$

Reasoning:

Since $F(x) \le 0$ : The first two integrals are $\le 0$, while the last integral is $\lt 0.$

Hence $F(x)= 0$ , $x \in [0,1]$.
$f$ has maximum and minimum, let us say $f(m):=b$, by Weierstrass. Suppose that $b<c$. By continuity for each $\varepsilon>0$ there exists $\delta>0$ such that $f(x)<b+\varepsilon$ for all $|x-m|<\delta$. Fix $\varepsilon$ sufficiently small. Then \begin{align} \int_{[0,1]} f(x)\mathrm{d}x &= \int_{[m-\varepsilon,m+\varepsilon] \cap [0,1]}f(x)\mathrm{d}x+\int_{[0,1]\setminus [m-\varepsilon,m+\varepsilon]}f(x)\mathrm{d}x\\ &\le 2\varepsilon(m+\delta) + (1-2\varepsilon)c < c. \end{align}