The cardinality of $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb Q$ How to prove the cardinality of $\mathbb{R}/ \mathbb Q$ is equal to the cardinality of $\mathbb{R}$
 A: I don't see what I would have expected to be the "standard answer" to this question, so let me leave it in the hopes it will be helpful to someone.

Proposition: Let $G$ be an infinite group, and let $H$ be a subgroup with $\# H < \# G$.  Then $\# G/H = \# G$.

Proof: Let $\{g_i\}_{i \in G/H}$ be a system of coset representatives for $H$ in $G$: then every element $x$ in $G$ can be written as $x =  g_{i_x} h_x$ for unique $h_x \in H$ and $i_x \in G/H$.  (Note that there is no canonical system of coset representatives: getting one is an archetypical use of the Axiom of Choice.)  Thus we have defined a bijection from $G$ to $G/H \times H$, so $\# G = \# G/H \cdot \# H$.  Since $\# G$ is infinite, so must be at least one of $\# G/H$, $\# H$, and then standard cardinal arithmetic (again AC gets used...) gives that 
$\# G = \# G/H \cdot \# H = \max(\#G/H, \# H)$.  
Since we've assumed $\# H < \# G$, we conclude $\# G = \#G/H$.  
This applies in particular with $G = \mathbb{R}$, $H = \mathbb{Q}$ to give $\# \mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q} = \# \mathbb{R} = 2^{\aleph_0}$.  
A: To prove equality we need to either find a bijection between the sets, or two injections between them.
As noted in the comments, this cannot be proved without the axiom of choice. So I am going to use it freely.
Assuming the axiom of choice, if so, we have a function $f\colon\mathbb{R/Q\to R}$ which chooses $f(A)\in A$ for every $A\in\mathbb{R/Q}$. This is an injection because if $A\neq A'$ then $f(A)\in A$ and $f(A)\notin A'$, and vice versa, therefore $f(A)\neq f(A')$.
On the other hand, let $V=\operatorname{rng}(f)$, then $\mathbb R$ is a countable union of copies of $V$, namely $\bigcup_{q\in\mathbb Q}q+V$. Therefore $|V|\cdot\aleph_0=2^{\aleph_0}$. Again, using the axiom of choice, we have that $2^{\aleph_0}=|V|\cdot\aleph_0=\max\{|V|,\aleph_0\}=|V|$.
A: Remark: This answers the original version of the question.  
The following bijection uses Hilbert's infinite hotel. 
The rationals can be enumerated as $q_0,q_1,q_2,\dots$ in various explicit ways.
Define $f: \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}\setminus \mathbb{Q}$ as follows.
If $x$ does not have shape $q$, or $\sqrt{3}+q\sqrt{2}$, where $q$ is rational, let $f(x)=x$.
If $x$ is the rational $q_i$, let $f(x)=\sqrt{3}+q_{2i}\sqrt{2}$.
If $x=\sqrt{3}+q_i\sqrt{2}$, let $f(x)=\sqrt{3}+q_{2i+1}\sqrt{2}$.  
A: $\mathbb{R}= (\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q}) \sqcup \mathbb{Q}$, where $\mathbb{Q}$ is countable and $\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q}$ infinite, so $$|\mathbb{R}|= |\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q} | + | \mathbb{Q}|= \max ( |\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q} |, |\mathbb{Q}|) = |\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q} |$$
A: $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q}$ and $\mathbb{R}$ are both size continuum. So by assuming as vector spaces over the $\mathbb{Q}$ they must have continuum size bases. We know that if two vector spaces have bases of the same size then they are isomorphic. 
A: Well, heuristically it can go as follows.
We can easily construct a bijection between $\mathbb{N}$ and $\mathbb{N}-\{1\}$. Just send $n \rightarrow n+1$.
If we subtract one element $x_1$ from $\mathbb{R}$, we can decompose $\mathbb{R}$ as $(\mathbb{R}-\mathbb{N})\cup\mathbb{N}$, and $\mathbb{R}-\{x_0\}=(\mathbb{R}-\mathbb{N})\cup(\mathbb{N}-{x_0})$. And we apply the above trick to the latter part.
If we subtract countable elements, say, $x_i$ for all $i\in\mathbb{N}$, we can choose a countable familiy of subsets with cardinal equal to that of $\mathbb{N}$, each containing one of $x_i$. Now decompose $\mathbb{R}$ as a countable union and do as above and you will solve the problem.
