Applying Ito's formula on a $C^1$ only differentiable function yielding a martingale Assume $f\left(t,x\right)$ is $C^1\left(\left[0,T\right]\times\mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R}\right)$ and that the process $f\left(t, B_t\right)$ is a martingale w.r.t $\mathcal{F_t}=\sigma\left(B_s, s\leq\,t\right)$, with $B_t$ a standard Brownian motion.
Can we apply the Itô formula to get an expression for $d f\left(t,B_t\right)$ while we have only $C^1$ differentiability?
If yes, can we relax the conditions even further by assuming $f$ only $C^1$ differentiable w.r.t to $x$ since the derivatives $\frac{\partial}{\partial t}$ and $\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}$ should in principle be unnecessary since $f\left(t,B_t\right)$ is a martingale?
 A: Of course it ought to be the case that $f(t,B_t) =\int_0^t f'_2(s,B_s)\,dB_s$, where $f'_2$ is the partial derivative of $f$ with respect to its second variable. And this is indeed true. First note that by localization one can reduce to the case in which $f$ and both of its first-order partials are bounded. Things being so, the continuity of $f$ and those partials allow one to use the argument in section IV.41 of volume 2 of Diffusions, Markov Processes, and Martingales by Rogers and Williams demonstrating Clark's Formula for the integrand in the stochastic integral representation of a Brownian functional. That argument shows that 
$$
f(T,B_T) =f(0,B_0)+\int_0^Tf'_2(s,B_s)\,dB_s
$$
almost surely. Now take conditional expectations with respect to $\mathcal F_t$ in this identity to obtain
$$
f(t,B_t) =\Bbb E[f(T,B_T)|\mathcal F_t] = f(0,B_0)+\int_0^t f'_2(s,B_s)\,dB_s,
$$
a.s. for each fixed $t\in[0,T]$. As the extreme terms in this last display are a.s. continuous functions of $t$, it follows that
$$
f(t,B_t) = f(0,B_0)+\int_0^t f'_2(s,B_s)\,dB_s,\qquad\forall t\in[0,T],
$$
almost surely.
A: Since $f(t,B_t)$ is a martingale, it follows from well-known martingale representation theorems (see e.g. [1]) that we can write
$$f(t,B_t) = f(0,B_0) + \int_0^t X_s \, dB_s$$
for some progressively measurable process $X$. A very useful tool to identify $X$ is the Malliavin derivative. One of the key properties of the Malliavin derivative $D$ is that
$$D \left( \int_0^t X_s \, dB_s \right) = X_t \tag{1}$$
On the other hand, the Malliavin derivative also satisfies a chain rule and we get
$$Df(t,B_t) = f'(t,B_t).$$
Combining both equations we get $X_t = f'(t,B_t)$ almost surely. If you are interested in these kind of things, then take a look at [2,3]; of particular interest (for your question) is the Clark Ocone representation formula.
[1] R.S. Schilling, L. Partzsch: Brownian motion - An Introduction to Stochastic Processes. (De Gruyter)
[2] D. Nualart: The Malliavin Calculus and Related Topics (Springer)
[3] I. Nourdin, G. Peccati: From Stein's Method to Universality. (Cambridge)

Remark: Under slightly stronger assumptions we don't need all the fancy tools. Assume that we know that $f(s+t,x+B_t)_{t \geq 0}$ is a martingale for any fixed $s \geq 0$ and $x \in \mathbb{R}$, and assume that $f$ grows at most sub-exponentially. Then we have by the martingale property
$$f(s,x) = \mathbb{E}(f(s+t,x+B_t)).$$
If we denote by $p_t$ the density of $B_t$, then
$$f(s,x) = \int_{\mathbb{R}} f(s+t,x+y) p_t(y) \, dy = \int_{\mathbb{R}} f(s+t,z) p_t(z-x) \, dz.$$
Since the density $p_t$ is smooth, we can deduce easily that $x \mapsto f(s,x)$ is smooth and therefore we can apply Itô's formula to deduce that
$$f(t,B_t) = f(0,B_0) + \int_0^t f'(s,B_s) \, dB_s.$$
