Roots of 1 in $\mathbb Q_p$ How to prove, that all roots of 1
in $\mathbb Q_p$ are roots of $x^{p-1}-1$?
If we consider the ring homomorphism 
$$
\mathbb Z_p \to \mathbb F_p^*,
$$
then we see, that all the roots in power $p-1$ are
equal to 0 modulo $p$. Using Hensel's lemma
we can construct a solusion to $x^{p-1}-1=0$,
which is the same as the first modulo $p$.
 A: Let $\pi\colon \mathbb{Z}_p\to \mathbb{F}_p$ be the reduction homomorphism. Suppose $\zeta\in \mathbb{Z}_p$ is an $n$th root of unity. 
Assume that $p\nmid n$. Let $m$ be the order of $\pi(\zeta)$ as an element of the multiplicative group $\mathbb{F}_p^*$. Since $|\mathbb{F}_p^*| = p-1$, it follows that $m\mid p-1$. Moreover, since $m$ is the order of $\pi(\zeta)$, we have that $\pi(\zeta) = \pi(\zeta^{m+1})$. But then $\zeta$ and $\zeta^{m+1}$ are two $n$th roots of unity that are equivalent mod $p$. The uniqueness part of Hensel's lemma (which we can apply to the polynomial $x^n-1$ since $p\nmid n$) says that $\zeta = \zeta^{m+1}$, and hence $\zeta$ is an $m$th root of unity. Since $m\mid p-1$, we conclude that $\zeta$ is also a $(p-1)$st root of unity.
To complete the proof, one has to compute the $p$-th roots of unity. Any such root $\zeta$ must satisfy $\pi(\zeta) = 1$. 
If $p > 2$, then the $p$-adic logarithm gives an isomorphism from the multiplcative group $1 + p \mathbb{Z}_p$ to the additive group $p \mathbb{Z}_p$, which is torsion free. Therefore, $\mathbb{Z}_p$ doesn't have any $p$-th roots of unity.
In the $p=2$ case, $-1$ is a root of unity. There are no others, because $1 + 2 \mathbb{Z}_2 \cong (1 + 4 \mathbb{Z}_2) \times \{ \pm 1 \}$, and the logarithm is an isomorphism $1 + 4 \mathbb{Z}_2 \to 4 \mathbb{Z}_2$ (The difference from the odd case is the domain of convergence of the exponential).
A corrected version of your question would be that all roots of unity are roots of $x^{\text{lcm}(p-1, 2)} - 1$.
A: Chapter 2, $\S 1.4$ of my notes on local fields contains a discussion of roots of unity in local fields.  In particular there is a complete proof that the group of roots of unity in $\mathbb{Q}_p$ is cyclic of order $p-1$.
