Which irrational numbers turned out to have descriable digit sequences? So, I've wondered if there are irrationals where I can calculate some digit $n\in\mathbb{N}$ when given only the $k_n\in \mathbb{N}_0$ ($k_n<n-1$) digits before them. Preferrably $k_n\in o(n)$.
I think this is one of the problems which is easy to state but hard to answer.
So of course, if $k_n$ would be positive and fixed, this is just asking when digits of an irrational can be expressed as a recurrence relation $(d_n)$ with recursion depth $k$ (as pointed out in the comments, with fixed $k$ such a number would always be rational). And of course there are infinite examples where the digit sequence can be easily described, e.g. the Louville number $\sum 10^{-\ell!}$ ($d_n=1$ if and only if $n=\ell!$ for some $\ell\in\mathbb{N}_0$, else $d_n=0$, so $k_n=0$), the 123...-Sequence (slightly more complicated closed form) and any multiple of them.
So I'm asking: Do you know any irrational that wasn't (more or less) defined by a digit sequence but turned out to have (a relatively easy) one?
By "more or less" I mean that I count the 123...-Sequence to the obvious ones. By "relatively easy" I mean any formula that isn't cheating the question. E.g. "$\pi$ has the digit sequence that describes the digits of $\pi$" is not helping, writing $$d_n (\pi) = \left\lfloor 10^n \pi\right\rfloor - 10\left\lfloor 10^{n-1} \pi\right\rfloor$$ or substituting $\pi$ by a formula evaluating to it in one of the two is not helping either and not in the spirit of the question. The irrational number should not be used in the formula.
EDIT: Through a related question I found the promising article On the rapid computation of various polylogarithmic constants from David Bailey, Peter Borwein and Simon Plouffe in which they describe an algorithm for finding any digit of a number of the form $$\sum_{\ell=0}^\infty \frac{p(\ell)}{b^{c\ell}q(\ell)}$$ where $p$ and $q$ are polynomials and $c$ is a positive integer. They also show that $\pi$, $\pi^2$, $\log(2)$ and $\log^2(2)$ happen to be of this form. If their $\frac{p(\ell)}{q(\ell)}$vwould always be nonnegative integers, they would form the desired examples, but from what I understand from the paper it is not so easy. I want something more substantial than simple computability.
 A: Here are more details on my comment: We want to construct a sequence $\{a_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$, where $a_n \in \{0, 1, ..., 9\}$ for all $n$, and understand whether or not $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n 10^{-n}$ is rational. 
Recall that $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n 10^{-n}$ is rational if and only if $\{a_n\}$ is eventually periodic (so that periodic behavior starts after some transient). An eventually periodic sequence has the general form: 
$$ \{a_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty} = \{\underbrace{b_1, b_2, …, b_r}_{\mbox{transient}}, c_1, c_2, …, c_m, c_1, c_2, …., c_m, c_1,c_2, …, c_m, …\} $$
where $m$ is the size of the period. 
Homogeneous constructions with depth $k$
Fix $k$ as a positive integer.  Initialize $a_1, ..., a_k$ as any values in $\{0, 1, ..., 9\}$ and define 
$$ a_n = f(a_{n-1} ,a_{n-2} , ..., a_{n-k}) \quad, \forall n \in \{k+1, k+2, ...\} $$
where $f$ is any function that takes values in $\{0, 1, ..., n\}$, formally, 
$$ f:\{0, 1, ..., 9\}^k \rightarrow \{0, 1, ..., 9\} $$
Claim:  The resulting sequence $\{a_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ is eventually periodic 
and so $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n 10^{-n}$ is rational. 
Proof: There are only $10^k$ possible sequences of length $k$ with elements in $\{0, 1, ..., 9\}$.  So eventually the infinite sequence $\{a_n\}$ must repeat some particular length-$k$ sequence, say,  $c_1, c_2, ..., c_k$.  This sets up the same initial conditions for the recursion, and so the $\{a_n\}$ sequence repeats its behavior periodically forever thereafter with occurrences of $c_1, ..., c_k$ acting as "renewals" that start a new period: 
$$ \{a_n\} = \{\underbrace{b_1, b_2, ..., b_r}_{\mbox{transient}}, \underbrace{c_1, ..., c_k}_{\mbox{renewal}}, ..., \underbrace{c_1, ..., c_k}_{\mbox{renewal}}, ..., \underbrace{c_1, ..., c_k}_{\mbox{renewal}}, ...\} \quad \Box $$
Inhomogeneous constructions with depth $k$
Again initialize $a_1, ..., a_k$ as any values in $\{0, 1, ..., 9\}$. Consider the modified construction
$$ a_n = f_n(a_{n-1}, a_{n-2}, ..., a_{n-k}) \quad, \forall n \in \{k+1, k+2, ...\} $$
The difference here is that the function $f_n$ can change with $n$.  Here it is easy to construct an irrational number.  We can even do it with a "depth $0$" function that depends only on $n$: 
$$ a_n=f_n = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
1 &\mbox{ if $n$ is a perfect square} \\
0  & \mbox{ otherwise} 
\end{array}
\right.$$
The resulting $\{a_n\}$ sequence consists of only 0s and 1s and the duration between 1s increases (linearly), so the sequence is not eventually periodic and $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n 10^{-n} = \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} 10^{-i^2}$ is irrational. In fact you have already done something similar by a function that defines $a_n=f_n=1$ if and only if $n=m!$ for some integer $m$ (and $a_n=0$ else), which constructs $\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} 10^{-i!}$.
