Noetherian module implies Noetherian ring? I know that a finitely generated $R$-module $M$ over a Noetherian ring $R$ is Noetherian. I wonder about the converse. I believe it has to be false and I am looking for counterexamples. 
Also I wonder if $M$ Noetherian imply that $R$ is Noetherian is true? And if $M$ Noetherian implies $M$ finitely generated is true? 
That is, do both implications fail or only one of them? 
 A: What about taking $R$ any non-Noetherian ring and $M=\{0\}$?
A: Let $R$ be a commutative non-Noetherian and let $\mathcal m$ be a maximal ideal. Then $R/\mathcal m$ is finitely generated and Noetherian - it only has two sub-$R$-modules.
Note that, even if $R$ isn't Noetherian, it contains a maximal ideal, by Krull's Theorem. 
A: I assume that $R$ is commutative in your question.  As other answers have already pointed out, the answer to your question is false for trivial reasons.  But here is a closely related statement which is true.  (It relies on the fact that a direct sum of two Noetherian modules is again Noetherian; I leave this for you to investigate, but feel free to leave a comment if you would like more information.)
Theorem: If a ring $R$ has a faithful Noetherian module $M$, then $R$ is Noetherian.
Proof: Because $M$ is Noetherian, it is finitely generated. Say $M = \sum Rm_i$ for some finite generating set $m_1, \dots, m_n$. Consider the homomorphism $f \colon R \to M^n$ given by $f(r) = (rm_1, \dots, rm_n)$. This is injective because the annihilator of $M$ is trivial: if $f(r) = 0$ then $rm_i = 0$ for all $i$, whence $rM = r \sum Rm_i = \sum Rrm_i = 0$.  Thus $R$ is isomorphic as an $R$-module to a submodule of the Noetherian module $M^n$.  It follows that $R$ is Noetherian.
Corollary: If $M$ is a Noetherian $R$-module, then $R/\mathrm{ann}(M)$ is Noetherian.

What happens for noncommutative rings?  The results above no longer hold.  A ring may have a faithful simple (hence Noetherian) left module but fail to be either left or right Noetherian.  For instance, let $V$ be an infinite dimensional vector space over a field $k$, and let $R = \mathrm{End}_k(V)$ be the ring of $k$-linear endomorphisms of $V$. Then $V$ is a simple left $R$-module, but it can be shown that $R$ is neither left nor right Noetherian. 
A: It is not clear to me exactly what you are asking in your main question.  If you are asking:
$\bullet$ If a ring $R$ admits a Noetherian module, must $R$ be Noetherian?
Then this is trivially false: Alex Youcis and Thomas Andrews have each shown that every commutative ring admits Noetherian modules.  (As a general rule, if you are looking for a counterexample to an assertion about modules and you haven't checked the zero module, you haven't looked hard enough.  Also looking at modules of the form $R/I$ is something to try early on.)
If you are asking
$\bullet$ If for a ring $R$ every finitely generated $R$-module is Noetherian, must $R$ be Noetherian?
Then this is trivially true, as $R$ is a finitely generated $R$-module.
A less trivial statement is the following:
Lemma (Kaplansky): A ring is Noetherian iff it admits a faithful Noetherian module.
Another result vaguely along these lines is:
Theorem (Eakin-Nagata) Let $R \subset S$ be a ring extension such that $S$ is finitely generated as an $R$-module.  Then $R$ is Noetherian iff $S$ is Noetherian.
Proofs of these and other results which are (even more) vaguely related to your question can be found in $\S 8.8$ of my commutative algebra notes.
