Taking the Dot product of two normalized vectors (unit vectors) vs the dot product of two non-normalized vectors I know that taking the dot product of two vectors, $a$ and $b$ represents the projection of $a$ to $b$, and the resulting scalar is the length of that projection.  But I am confused on the concept of normalizing vectors and the dot product.
If we take the dot product of two normalized vectors, $a$ and $b$, does the resulting scalar still represent the projection of $a$ to $b$?
What about taking the dot product of two NON-normalized vectors?  What does this represent?
 A: Since the fundamental identity of the dot product is involving a product of norms of the vectors:
$u \cdot v = \|u\| \|v\| \cos \theta$
then YES, the normalization plays a role for this particular interpretation of the dot product as projection length.
Yes of course, if both vectors are normalized the dot product is still representing a projection, it just does not matter which vector projects on which, since the result is the same.
If one of the vectors, let say $v$, is normalized, the picture to imagine in this case is a circle of radius $u$ with a right triangle inscribed on it with $u$ as hypotenuse and the unit vector $v$ is representing an axis of projection, in which the adjacent cathetus of the triangle lies. The projection is $u \cdot v = \|u\| \cos \theta$. Since the cosine is the ratio of adjacent cathetus over hypotenuse $\cos \theta = a / \|u\|$, the projection reduces to  $u \cdot v = \frac{\|u\| a}{\|u\|} = a$, where $a$ is the length of the adjacent cathetus i.e., the projection length.
When $u$ and $v$ are both non-normalized the dot product is still encoding the projection, well actually it is encoding two projections at the same time, so it 
 cannot tell the exact length without a division by either $\|u\|$ or $\|v\|$, but it still can tell something abut the projection. The dot product will be zero if vectors are orthogonal (no projection possible) and will be exactly $\pm \|u\| \|v\|$ when vectors lie on parallel axis. The sign will be positive if their angle is less than 180° or negative if it is more than 180°.
