# Analyze the convergence of the series: $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{n^n}{(n+1)!}$

In analyzing the convergence of the following series:

$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{n^n}{(n+1)!}$$

Using the quotient criteria, I get the following:

$$\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = \frac{\frac{(n+1)^{n+1}}{(n+2)!}}{\frac{n^n}{(n+1)!}} = \frac{(n+1)^{n+1}(n+1)!}{(n+2)!n^n} = \frac{(n+1)^{n+1}(n+1)!}{(n+2)(n+1)!n^n} = \frac{(n+1)^{n+1}}{(n+2)n^n}$$

Now I am trying to find the limit of $\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}$:

$$\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = \lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{(n+1)^{n+1}}{(n+2)n^n} = ?$$

But I am having trouble solving this. What steps do I need to follow to simplify and solve this limit?

• Rewrite it as$$\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}=\frac{n+1}{n+2}\cdot\left(1+\frac1n\right)^n$$ – Simply Beautiful Art Dec 14 '17 at 15:06
• You need not apply the ratio test since the general terms don't approach $0$. In fact, $a_n\to \infty$. – Mark Viola Dec 14 '17 at 15:33

$$\frac{(n+1)^{n+1}}{n^n}=(n+1)\left(1+\frac1n\right)^n$$