Fourier Transform of the product between a L1 function and a distribution Let us define the real functions $f_a(t)=\begin{cases}
    1 & \text{ if } t \in \left[-a;a\right] \\
    0 & \text{ else}
   \end{cases}$
and 
$g_{a;b}(t)=\begin{cases}
    \cos\left(2\pi bt\right) & \text{ if } t \in \left[-a;a\right] \\
    0 & \text{ else}
   \end{cases}$.
Since $g_{a;b}\in L^1(\mathbb{R})$, we can compute the Fourier Transform of $g_{a;b}$, and we obtain $\mathcal{F}(g)=2a.\operatorname{sinc}(2\pi a(x-b) ) + 2a.\operatorname{sinc}(2\pi a(x+b))$.
We can notice that this transformation is also the convolution product between a distribution and a function in $\mathcal{C}^\infty(\mathbb{R})$:
$2a.\operatorname{sinc}(2\pi a(x-b) ) + 2a.\operatorname{sinc}(2\pi a(x+b))= 
<\delta_b+\delta_{-b};y\mapsto2a.\operatorname{sinc}(2\pi a(x-y) )>_y= (\delta_b+\delta_{-b}) \ast 2a.\operatorname{sinc}(2\pi a\ \cdot) = (\delta_b+\delta_{-b}) \ast \mathcal(F)(f_{a;b}) $
We also, know that the Dirac distribution is linked to the regular distibution associated to the cosine function by $\mathcal{F}T_{\cos(2\pi b\ \cdot)}=\delta_b+\delta_{-b}$.
Therefore, I wander if there is a proper way to obtain the Fourier Transform of $g_{a;b}$ by using the distribution theory?
Maybe there is a theorem for a the product of a function in $L^1(\mathbb{R})$ (I mean $f_{a;b}$) and a distribution. I know one between a Schwartz's function and a tempered distribution, but $f_{a;b}\notin\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R})$.
 A: There's no general theorem about the Fourier transform of the product of an $L^1$ function and a tempered distribution, simply because in that generality the product need not exist.
Why not? Look at the definition. Suppose $u$ is a tempered distribution and $f$ is a smotth function such that $f$ and every derivative of $f$ has polynomial growth. The tempered distribution $fu$ is defined by its action  on Schwartz functions: $$(fu)(\phi)=u(f\phi)\quad(\phi\in \mathcal S).$$But if we assume just $f\in L^1$ then $fu$ need not be a Schwartz function, in which case there's simply no such thing as $u(f\phi)$.
A: One cannot have a result for the product of a distribution with an $L^1$ function. For example if $T$ is the distribution induced by the $L^1$ function $\mathbf 1_A/\sqrt{|x|}$, where $\mathbf 1_A$ is an indicator of a bounded open set containing 0, then note that what is essentially $T^2$, $(\mathbf 1_A/\sqrt{|x|}) T$ is not a distribution (if one tries to follow the usual definition of a product for distributions).
In your particular case, writing $g:=g_{a,b}$ for legibility reasons, we have the expression for $g$,
$$g=g_1g_2, \quad g_1(t) = \cos(2π bt) , \quad g_2(t) = \mathbf1_{t\in[-a,a]}, $$which is a product of  $g_2\in L^2\subset \mathcal S'$ with $g_1\in C^\infty$  and hence as distributions,
$$ \hat g = \hat {g_1}*\hat{g_2} = (\delta_b+\delta_{-b}) * \operatorname{sinc}(2π ax) $$
which gives your result. With a little bit more care, the above line is because:
\begin{align} 
\langle \hat g , \phi\rangle 
&= \langle g_1g_2 , \hat {\phi}\rangle \quad\text{definition of  F.T.}\\
&= \langle g_2 , g_1\hat \phi\rangle \quad\text{definition of product by $C^\infty$}\\
&= \langle g_2 , (\overset{\vee}{g_1} * \phi)^\wedge \rangle \quad\text{property of F.T.}\\
&= \langle \hat {g_2} , \overset{\vee}{g_1} * \phi \rangle \quad\text{definition of F.T.} \\
&= \langle \hat{g_2} * \hat{g_1},\phi\rangle \quad\text{definition of a convolution of a distribution}
\end{align}
For the last line, see for example this MSE link.
A: You are really looking at the product $f=gh$ of a tempered distribution (your function $g\in L^1$) and a band-limited distribution ($h(t)=\cos(2\pi bt)$) whose Fourier transform $\hat{f} = \hat{g} \ast \hat{h}$ is the convolution of the two Fourier transforms :

Since $\hat{h}$ is a compactly supported distribution then for any $\varphi \in C^\infty_c$, $\hat{h} \ast \varphi \in C^\infty_c$ thus the distribution $\hat{g} \ast \hat{h}$ is well-defined by $$\langle \hat{g} \ast \hat{h}, \varphi \rangle =\langle \hat{g} ,\hat{h} \ast \varphi \rangle$$

For the same reason, $\hat{h}$ compactly supported implies $h(x) = \langle \hat{h},e^{2i \pi \xi x}\rangle\in C^\infty$, so that $\langle f, \varphi \rangle =\langle g,h \varphi \rangle$
Can you show $\langle \hat{h} ,\hat{g} \ast \varphi \rangle$ is well-defined too ? Do you think  the convolution commutative, ie. $\hat{h} \ast\hat{g}= \hat{g} \ast\hat{h}$ ?
