# Flatness over a regular local ring of dimension $1$

Let $(A,\mathfrak{m})$ be a regular local ring of dimension $1$. We set the usual notations: $K$ denotes the fraction field of $A$, $\kappa = A/\mathfrak{m}$ denotes the residue field and $\pi$ denotes a generator of $\mathfrak{m}$. For example, if $A = \mathbf{Z}_p$, then $\mathfrak{m} = (p)$, $K=\mathbf{Q}_p$, $\kappa = \mathbf{F}_p$ and we can take $\pi = p$.

I've heard that in this specific case, a homomorphism of (commutative) rings $A\to B$ is flat as soon as dim($B\otimes K$) = dim($B\otimes \kappa$) (i.e. as soon as the fibres have the same Krull dimension).

As pointed out in the comments, in this case, $B$ being flat over $A$ is equivalent to say that the map $B\to B\colon x\mapsto \pi.x$ is injective. Also note that equidimensionality is not a necessary condition (thanks @Mohan for pointing this out).

Answer: the assertion is false as stated, see the interesting counter-examples by @David Lampert and @Johann . Interestingly, the assertion is also false even if we assume that the fibres are smooth (the closed fibre is non-smooth in David's example, but the fibres are obviously smooth in Johann's example). Also note that by the miracle flatness theorem, it would suffice to require that $B$ is Cohen-Maccaulay.

After thoughts: In the end, the result I needed is the following:

Lemma: let $A\to B$ be as in the question. Assume that $B$ has equidimensional fibres, and furthermore that the closed fibre is irreducible and smooth. Finally, assume that there exists a closed embedding of $A$-schemes $\mathbf{A}_{A}^1\to \mathrm{Spec}B$ of the affine line over $A$ to $\mathrm{Spec}B$ (i.e. a surjective $A$-algebra map $B\to A[X]$). Then $B$ is flat over $A$.

Proof: Let $X$ be the (schematic) adherence of $\mathrm{Spec}(B_K)$ in $\mathrm{Spec}B$. By definition, $X$ is a flat $A$-scheme, and its closed fibre is non-empty because $\mathrm{Spec}B$ contains $\mathbf{A}_{A}^1$. Furthermore, $X_K = \mathrm{Spec}(B_K)$. Hence, $X_{\kappa}$ is a closed subscheme of $\mathrm{Spec}(B_{\kappa})$ of the same dimension than $\mathrm{Spec}(B_{\kappa})$. But this implies $X_{\kappa}=\mathrm{Spec}(B_{\kappa})$ because by assumption, $B_{\kappa}$ is a domain.

• You only need $B$ to be a torsion free $A$-module for flatness. For example $K$ is flat, but does not have equidimensional fibers. Nov 6, 2017 at 19:04
• Thank you very much for your comments, @Mohan , I included them in my question to provide more context. Still, I'm really interested to know whether "equidimensional fibres" is a sufficient condition for flatness in this case. Do you know that? Nov 6, 2017 at 20:12

Look up the "miracle flatness" theorem. An example: $A=\mathbf{Z}_p \subset B=\mathbf{Z}_p[[x]]/(px,x^2)$ is a local map of Noetherian local rings with equidimensional fibers which is not flat (but $B$ isn't Cohen-Macaulay).

Edit #2: If $A$ is a DVR and $A \rightarrow B$ is a local map with $B$ a localization of a finitely generated $A$-algebra and fibers are equidimensional with regular special fiber then $A \rightarrow B$ is flat and $B$ is regular. I think this all can be found in Matsumura's books.

• Thank you for this very interesting edit. I first thought that @Johann 's example completed at a point was a couter-example to the statement in your edit, but it turns out that the completion process makes the dimension of fibres vary! For example, $K\times \kappa \cong \mathbf{Z}_p[x,y]/(x(1-x),p(1-x),py-x,y(1-x))$, and the completion at $(x,y)$ is $\mathbf{Z}_p[[x,y]]/(x,p,y)\cong \kappa$, whose generic fibre is now empty! In the end, I decided to accept Johann's answer because it gives the generic counterexample I was missing. Nov 7, 2017 at 12:25

This is not true as stated - $K \times \kappa$ is the usual counterexample. The problem is that the fibers, while having the same dimension, do not "vary continuously". Geometrically, it is just a disjoint union of generic and closed point.

The assumption you might want to add is that $B$ is finitely generated as an $A$-module. This excludes $K$, so you can't cheat as above by just adding sufficiently many copies of $K$ to force equidimensionality. Indeed, your statement becomes true by the Yoneda lemma - lifting a basis of $B \otimes \kappa$ gives you now a generating system of $B$ which becomes a basis after tensoring with $K$. Hence, multiplication with $\pi$ is injective.

I received an interesting answer from Francesco Polizzi by e-mail, so I thought I would share it here as well. Here is a (slightly deformed) quote of his mail (keeping the notations of my question, so $R$ is a regular local ring of dimension $1$):

"Assume that $B$ has no non-zero nilpotents. Then $f\colon R\to B$ is flat if and only if for every irreducible component $B_i$ of $B$, the generic fibre of Spec$(B_i)\to$ Spec$(R)$ is non-empty. This can be found as Proposition 9.7 in Hartshorne, Chapter III (p.257).

In particular, equi-dimensional fibres implies flat if one assumes that $B$ is reduced and irreducible."