# Is there any closed form for this integral?

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$$\int_{0}^{1/3} \frac{e^{-x^2}}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} dx$$

Anyhow, is there any closed form for the result of this definite integral? How can one compute this without calculators like Wolframalpha?

• I get erf vibes so my guess is that there's no closed form for the result. – Oria Gruber Oct 15 '17 at 13:22
• wtf kind of program gives you integrals to use? – Simply Beautiful Art Oct 15 '17 at 13:23
• @DanielC WolframAlpha/Matlab gives $0.3274711...$, but none of the answers like 0.327, 0.3274, 0.32747 worked. The developer answered "they are approximated results, not the accurate answers," from angry e-mails from users. Actually, the company went bankrupt in 2011, so we would never know what the "right answer" the program wanted was. – fiverules Oct 15 '17 at 13:29
• Maybe if the bounds were from $0$ to $1$ I would have hope, but the choice of bounds here implies either there is a very special trick (one that WA does not know) or that the anti-derivative can be found (which I doubt). – Simply Beautiful Art Oct 15 '17 at 13:34
• @SimplyBeautifulArt. If the upper bound was $1$, it would reduce to something proportional to Bessel $\frac {\pi}{2 \sqrt e} I_0(1/2)$ – Claude Leibovici Oct 15 '17 at 13:56

I have generated a few series for the integral based on the following: $$I = \int_{0}^{1/3} \frac{e^{-x^2}}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} dx$$ $$I = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{n!}\int_{0}^{1/3} \frac{x^{2n}}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} dx$$ letting $x^2=u$ $$I = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{n!}\int_{0}^{1/9} \frac{u^n}{\sqrt{1-u}} \frac{du}{2\sqrt{u}}$$ $$I = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{2n!}\int_{0}^{1/9} u^{n-\frac{1}{2}}(1-u)^{\frac{-1}{2}}\;du$$ The incomplete beta function, a generalisation of the beta function, is defined as $$B(x;\,a,b) = \int_0^x t^{a-1}\,(1-t)^{b-1}\,dt.$$ $$I = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{n!}B\left(\frac{1}{9};n+\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}\right)$$ I can't get any further this route but it seems to hold numerically. It seems we can also write which seems to hold numerically $$I= \frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi}}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{\Gamma(n+\frac{1}{2})(\Gamma(n+\frac{1}{2})-\Gamma(n+\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{9}))}{n!}$$ which contains the incomplete gamma function. This comes from the Mellin transform $$\int_0^\infty \int_{0}^{1/3} \frac{e^{-x^2}}{\sqrt{1-a x^2}} dx \; da = \int_{0}^{1/3} \frac{\Gamma(s)\Gamma(\frac{1}{2}-s)}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{\exp(-x^2)}{(-x^2)^s} dx = \frac{(-1)^{-s} \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}-s\right) \Gamma (s) \left(\Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}-s\right)-\Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}-s,\frac{1}{9}\right)\right)}{2 \sqrt{\pi }}$$ by doing a double Mellin transform I managed to generate the following sum which also seems to hold numerically $$I = \sum_{s=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^s}{3^{1+2s}(1+2s)s!}\;_2F_1\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}+s;\frac{3}{2}+s;\frac{1}{9}\right)$$ this regenerates the sum containing the incomplete gamma function if the sum from inside the hypergeometric function is swapped with the outside sum.

We can also introduce a parameter and take the inverse Laplace transform $$I(a) = \int_{0}^{1/3} \frac{e^{-x^2}}{\sqrt{a-x^2}} dx$$ $$\mathcal{L}^{-1}_{a \to s}[I(a)] = \int_0^\frac{1}{3} \frac{e^{-x^2+sx^2}}{\sqrt{\pi s}} \; dx = \frac{\mathrm{erfi}\left(\frac{\sqrt{s-1}}{3}\right)}{2\sqrt{s(s-1)}}$$ so we can rewrite the original integral as $$I(a=1)=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^\infty \frac{\mathrm{erfi}\left(\frac{\sqrt{s-1}}{3}\right)}{\sqrt{s(s-1)}}e^{-s} \; ds$$ which again seems to hold out numerically

Only a half answer: $$\int_0^{\frac{1}{3}} \frac{\exp \left(-x^2\right)}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \, dx=\int_0^{\frac{1}{9}} \frac{\exp (-x)}{2 \sqrt{(1-x) x}} \, dx=\int_0^{\infty } \frac{\exp \left(-\frac{1}{x+9}\right)}{2 (x+9) \sqrt{x+8}} \, dx=$$

Using the Laplace Transform we can write:

$$\int_0^{\infty } \left(\mathcal{L}_x^{-1}\left[\exp \left(-\frac{1}{x+9}\right)\right](s)\right) \left(\mathcal{L}_x\left[\frac{1}{(x+9) \sqrt{x+8}}\right](s)\right) \, ds=$$

$$\int_0^{\infty } \left(e^{-9 s} \left(-\frac{J_1\left(2 \sqrt{s}\right)}{\sqrt{s}}+\delta (s)\right)\right) \left(2 e^{9 s} \pi \left(\frac{\text{erfc}\left(\sqrt{s}\right)}{2}-2 T\left(\sqrt{2} \sqrt{s},2 \sqrt{2}\right)\right)\right) \, ds=$$ $$\int_0^{\infty } \left(-\frac{\pi J_1\left(2 \sqrt{s}\right) \text{erfc}\left(\sqrt{s}\right)}{\sqrt{s}}+\pi \delta (s) \text{erfc}\left(\sqrt{s}\right)+\frac{4 \pi J_1\left(2 \sqrt{s}\right) T\left(\sqrt{2} \sqrt{s},2 \sqrt{2}\right)}{\sqrt{s}}-4 \pi \delta (s) T\left(\sqrt{2} \sqrt{s},2 \sqrt{2}\right)\right) \, ds=$$

$$-\tan ^{-1}\left(2 \sqrt{2}\right)+\frac{\pi I_0\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}{2 \sqrt{e}}+\int_0^{\infty } \frac{2 \pi J_1\left(2 \sqrt{s}\right) T\left(\sqrt{2} \sqrt{s},2 \sqrt{2}\right)}{\sqrt{s}} \, ds=$$ $$-\tan ^{-1}\left(2 \sqrt{2}\right)+\frac{\pi I_0\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}{2 \sqrt{e}}+4 \pi \int_0^{\infty } J_1(2 x) T\left(\sqrt{2} x,2 \sqrt{2}\right) \, dx$$

where T(x,a) is the Owen's T-function and J(1,x) is Bessel function of the first kind

EDITED:

Maybe not exist closed form solution and answer is on window box:

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