Is every finitely generated module Noetherian? I used this "fact" when I hand in my take home exam. To my surprise this was returned with a remark "$M$ is not noetherian!". But I remember the criterion for noetherian is $M$'s submodules are all finitely generated. Then assume $M$ has submodule $M_{1}$, the map $$R^{n}\rightarrow M\rightarrow M_{1}$$ must be surjective since $M$ is finitely generated. So I do not know where I got wrong. 
 A: What you claim is false; a finitely generated module need not be Noetherian. As a counterexample, consider the polynomial ring $\mathbb{Q}[x_0,x_1,\dots]$ in infinitely many variables as a module over itself. It is finitely generated (by 1), but its submodule $\langle x_0,x_1,\dots\rangle$ isn't, so the module itself isn' Noetherian.
What is true is that a module over a Noetherian ring is Noetherian iff it is finitely generated (this might require the ring to be commutative with unity).
A: If $M_1$ is a submodule of $M$, then there is a canonical injective module homomorphism $M_1\to M$, given by the inclusion map. However, there is not necessarily a surjective module homomorphism $M\to M_1$. This is where your argument went wrong. 
As an example, consider the case when $M = R$, so that submodules of $M$ are exactly ideals of $R$. Let $I$ be an ideal of $R$, and suppose that there is a surjective $R$-module homomorphism $f\colon R\to I$. Let $a = f(1)$. Then, since $f$ is surjective, $I = f(R) = Rf(1) = Ra$, that is, $I$ is necessarily a principal ideal, generated by $a$. We can conclude from this that if $I$ is an ideal of $R$ that is not principal, then there cannot be a surjective $R$-module homomorphism $R\to I$.
In general it is true that if $R$ is a Noetherian ring and $M$ is a finitely generated module over $R$, then $M$ is Noetherian. Your argument is close to right. Since $M$ is finitely generated, there is a surjective homomorphism $R^n\to M$, so $M$ is a quotient of $R^n$. Because $R$ is Noetherian, $R^n$ is Noetherian. Since quotients of Noetherian modules are Noetherian, $M$ is Noetherian. This argument fails when $R$ is not a Noetherian ring.
